remove dangling spaces

Examples/Announce.py

@@ -93,9 +93,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination_1, destination_2):
         # Send the announce including the app data
         destination_1.announce(app_data=fruit.encode("utf-8"))
         RNS.log(
-            "Sent announce from "+
+            f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_1.hash)} ({destination_1.name})"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_1.hash)+
-            " ("+destination_1.name+")"
         )
 
         # Randomly select a noble gas
@@ -104,9 +102,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination_1, destination_2):
         # Send the announce including the app data
         destination_2.announce(app_data=noble_gas.encode("utf-8"))
         RNS.log(
-            "Sent announce from "+
+            f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_2.hash)} ({destination_2.name})"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_2.hash)+
-            " ("+destination_2.name+")"
         )
 
 # We will need to define an announce handler class that
@@ -126,14 +122,12 @@ class ExampleAnnounceHandler:
     # and cannot use wildcards.
     def received_announce(self, destination_hash, announced_identity, app_data):
         RNS.log(
-            "Received an announce from "+
+            f"Received an announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)
         )
 
         if app_data:
             RNS.log(
-                "The announce contained the following app data: "+
+                f"The announce contained the following app data: {app_data.decode('utf-8')}"
-                app_data.decode("utf-8")
             )
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Broadcast.py

@@ -48,15 +48,13 @@ def program_setup(configpath, channel=None):
 def packet_callback(data, packet):
     # Simply print out the received data
     print("")
-    print("Received data: "+data.decode("utf-8")+"\r\n> ", end="")
+    print(f"Received data: {data.decode('utf-8')}\r\n> ", end="")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 
 def broadcastLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Broadcast example "+
+        f"Broadcast example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, enter text and hit enter to broadcast (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, enter text and hit enter to broadcast (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.

Examples/Buffer.py

@@ -61,9 +61,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link buffer example "+
+        f"Link buffer example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -75,7 +73,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -120,9 +118,9 @@ def server_buffer_ready(ready_bytes: int):
     data = latest_buffer.read(ready_bytes)
     data = data.decode("utf-8")
 
-    RNS.log("Received data over the buffer: " + data)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data over the buffer: {data}")
 
-    reply_message = "I received \""+data+"\" over the buffer"
+    reply_message = f"I received \"{data}\" over the buffer"
     reply_message = reply_message.encode("utf-8")
     latest_buffer.write(reply_message)
     latest_buffer.flush()
@@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -223,7 +221,7 @@ def client_loop():
 
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link buffer: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link buffer: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -262,7 +260,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 def client_buffer_ready(ready_bytes: int):
     global buffer
     data = buffer.read(ready_bytes)
-    RNS.log("Received data over the link buffer: " + data.decode("utf-8"))
+    RNS.log(f"Received data over the link buffer: {data.decode('utf-8')}")
     print("> ", end=" ")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Channel.py

@@ -124,9 +124,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link example "+
+        f"Link example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -176,9 +174,9 @@ def server_message_received(message):
     #
     #
     if isinstance(message, StringMessage):
-        RNS.log("Received data on the link: " + message.data + " (message created at " + str(message.timestamp) + ")")
+        RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {message.data} (message created at {message.timestamp})")
 
-        reply_message = StringMessage("I received \""+message.data+"\" over the link")
+        reply_message = StringMessage(f"I received \"{message.data}\" over the link")
         latest_client_link.get_channel().send(reply_message)
 
         # Incoming messages are sent to each message
@@ -206,7 +204,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -280,17 +278,14 @@ def client_loop():
                         channel.send(message)
                     else:
                         RNS.log(
-                            "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                            f"Cannot send this packet, the data size of {packed_size} bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of {channel.MDU} bytes",
-                            str(packed_size)+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
-                            str(channel.MDU)+" bytes",
                             RNS.LOG_ERROR
                         )
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Channel is not ready to send, please wait for " +
+                    RNS.log(f"Channel is not ready to send, please wait for pending messages to complete.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            "pending messages to complete.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -329,7 +324,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 # simply print out the data.
 def client_message_received(message):
     if isinstance(message, StringMessage):
-        RNS.log("Received data on the link: " + message.data + " (message created at " + str(message.timestamp) + ")")
+        RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {message.data} (message created at {message.timestamp})")
         print("> ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Echo.py

@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Echo server "+
+        f"Echo server {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 
 def server_callback(message, packet):
@@ -93,19 +91,19 @@ def server_callback(message, packet):
         reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(packet.packet_hash)
 
         if reception_rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
 
         if reception_snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dBm]"
 
     else:
         if packet.rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {packet.rssi} dBm]"
 
         if packet.snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(packet.snr)+" dB]"
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {packet.snr} dB]"
 
-    RNS.log("Received packet from echo client, proof sent"+reception_stats)
+    RNS.log(f"Received packet from echo client, proof sent{reception_stats}")
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -123,13 +121,13 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except Exception as e:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!")
-        RNS.log(str(e)+"\n")
+        RNS.log(f"{e}\n")
         exit()
 
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
@@ -142,9 +140,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
 
     # Tell the user that the client is ready!
     RNS.log(
-        "Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to "+
+        f"Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to {destination_hexhash} (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        destination_hexhash+
-        " (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the user exits.
@@ -205,7 +201,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
             packet_receipt.set_delivery_callback(packet_delivered)
 
             # Tell the user that the echo request was sent
-            RNS.log("Sent echo request to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash))
+            RNS.log(f"Sent echo request to {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash)}")
         else:
             # If we do not know this destination, tell the
             # user to wait for an announce to arrive.
@@ -222,10 +218,10 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
         rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
         if (rtt >= 1):
             rtt = round(rtt, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} seconds"
         else:
             rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} milliseconds"
 
         reception_stats = ""
         if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -233,30 +229,27 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
             reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
 
             if reception_rssi != None:
-                reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+                reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
 
             if reception_snr != None:
-                reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+                reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dB]"
 
         else:
             if receipt.proof_packet != None:
                 if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [RSSI {receipt.proof_packet.rssi} dBm]"
 
                 if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [SNR {receipt.proof_packet.snr} dB]"
 
         RNS.log(
-            "Valid reply received from "+
+            f"Valid reply received from {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)}, round-trip time is {rttstring}{reception_stats}"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
-            ", round-trip time is "+rttstring+
-            reception_stats
         )
 
 # This function is called if a packet times out.
 def packet_timed_out(receipt):
     if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED:
-        RNS.log("Packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)+" timed out")
+        RNS.log(f"Packet {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)} timed out")
 
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Filetransfer.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def server(configpath, path):
 
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
-    RNS.log("File server "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running")
+    RNS.log(f"File server {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running")
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # Here's a convenience function for listing all files
 # in our served directory
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def client_request(message, packet):
         try:
             # If we have the requested file, we'll
             # read it and pack it as a resource
-            RNS.log("Client requested \""+filename+"\"")
+            RNS.log(f"Client requested \"{filename}\"")
             file = open(os.path.join(serve_path, filename), "rb")
 
             file_resource = RNS.Resource(
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def client_request(message, packet):
         except Exception as e:
             # If somethign went wrong, we close
             # the link
-            RNS.log("Error while reading file \""+filename+"\"", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while reading file \"{filename}\"", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             packet.link.teardown()
             raise e
     else:
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ def resource_sending_concluded(resource):
         name = "resource"
 
     if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-        RNS.log("Done sending \""+name+"\" to client")
+        RNS.log(f"Done sending \"{name}\" to client")
     elif resource.status == RNS.Resource.FAILED:
-        RNS.log("Sending \""+name+"\" to client failed")
+        RNS.log(f"Sending \"{name}\" to client failed")
 
 def list_delivered(receipt):
     RNS.log("The file list was received by the client")
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ def download(filename):
     request_packet.send()
 
     print("")
-    print(("Requested \""+filename+"\" from server, waiting for download to begin..."))
+    print(f"Requested \"{filename}\" from server, waiting for download to begin...")
     menu_mode = "download_started"
 
 # This function runs a simple menu for the user
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ def print_menu():
         while menu_mode == "downloading":
             global current_download
             percent = round(current_download.get_progress() * 100.0, 1)
-            print(("\rProgress: "+str(percent)+" %   "), end=' ')
+            print(f'\rProgress: {percent} %   ', end=' ')
             sys.stdout.flush()
             time.sleep(0.1)
 
@@ -383,15 +383,15 @@ def print_menu():
             # Print statistics
             hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
             minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
-            timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+            timestring = f"{int(hours):0>2}:{int(minutes):0>2}:{seconds:05.2f}"
             print("")
             print("")
             print("--- Statistics -----")
-            print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+            print(f"\tTime taken       : {timestring}")
-            print("\tFile size        : "+size_str(file_size))
+            print(f"\tFile size        : {size_str(file_size)}")
-            print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(transfer_size))
+            print(f"\tData transferred : {size_str(transfer_size)}")
-            print("\tEffective rate   : "+size_str(file_size/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print(f"\tEffective rate   : {size_str(file_size / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
-            print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(transfer_size/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print(f"\tTransfer rate    : {size_str(transfer_size / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
             print("")
             print("The download completed! Press enter to return to the menu.")
             print("")
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ def print_filelist():
     global server_files
     print("Files on server:")
     for index,file in enumerate(server_files):
-        print("\t("+str(index)+")\t"+file)
+        print(f"\t({index})\t{file}")
 
 def filelist_received(filelist_data, packet):
     global server_files, menu_mode
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ def download_concluded(resource):
         counter = 0
         while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
             counter += 1
-            saved_filename = current_filename+"."+str(counter)
+            saved_filename = f"{current_filename}.{counter}"
 
         try:
             file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
@@ -534,9 +534,9 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1024.0:
-            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:3.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1024.0
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 # A convenience function for clearing the screen
 def clear_screen():

Examples/Identify.py

@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link identification example "+
+        f"Link identification example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ def client_disconnected(link):
     RNS.log("Client disconnected")
 
 def remote_identified(link, identity):
-    RNS.log("Remote identified as: "+str(identity))
+    RNS.log(f"Remote identified as: {identity}")
 
 def server_packet_received(message, packet):
     global latest_client_link
@@ -100,9 +98,9 @@ def server_packet_received(message, packet):
     # that connected.
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
 
-    RNS.log("Received data from "+remote_peer+": "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data from {remote_peer}: {text}")
 
-    reply_text = "I received \""+text+"\" over the link from "+remote_peer
+    reply_text = f"I received \"{text}\" over the link from {remote_peer}"
     reply_data = reply_text.encode("utf-8")
     RNS.Packet(latest_client_link, reply_data).send()
 
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -141,8 +139,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
     # Create a new client identity
     client_identity = RNS.Identity()
     RNS.log(
-        "Client created new identity "+
+        f"Client created new identity {client_identity}"
-        str(client_identity)
     )
 
     # Check if we know a path to the destination
@@ -210,14 +207,12 @@ def client_loop():
                     RNS.Packet(server_link, data).send()
                 else:
                     RNS.log(
-                        "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                        f"Cannot send this packet, the data size of {len(data)} bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of {RNS.Link.MDU} bytes",
-                        str(len(data))+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
-                        str(RNS.Link.MDU)+" bytes",
                         RNS.LOG_ERROR
                     )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -253,7 +248,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 # simply print out the data.
 def client_packet_received(message, packet):
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
-    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {text}")
     print("> ", end=" ")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Link.py

@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link example "+
+        f"Link example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -90,9 +88,9 @@ def server_packet_received(message, packet):
     # it will all be directed to the last client
     # that connected.
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
-    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {text}")
 
-    reply_text = "I received \""+text+"\" over the link"
+    reply_text = f"I received \"{text}\" over the link"
     reply_data = reply_text.encode("utf-8")
     RNS.Packet(latest_client_link, reply_data).send()
 
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -189,14 +187,12 @@ def client_loop():
                     RNS.Packet(server_link, data).send()
                 else:
                     RNS.log(
-                        "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                        f"Cannot send this packet, the data size of {len(data)} bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of {RNS.Link.MDU} bytes",
-                        str(len(data))+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
-                        str(RNS.Link.MDU)+" bytes",
                         RNS.LOG_ERROR
                     )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -230,7 +226,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 # simply print out the data.
 def client_packet_received(message, packet):
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
-    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {text}")
     print("> ", end=" ")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Minimal.py

@@ -51,9 +51,7 @@ def program_setup(configpath):
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Minimal example "+
+        f"Minimal example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Ratchets.py

@@ -75,9 +75,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Ratcheted echo server "+
+        f"Ratcheted echo server {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 
 def server_callback(message, packet):
@@ -104,19 +102,19 @@ def server_callback(message, packet):
         reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(packet.packet_hash)
 
         if reception_rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
 
         if reception_snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dBm]"
 
     else:
         if packet.rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {packet.rssi} dBm]"
 
         if packet.snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(packet.snr)+" dB]"
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {packet.snr} dB]"
 
-    RNS.log("Received packet from echo client, proof sent"+reception_stats)
+    RNS.log(f"Received packet from echo client, proof sent{reception_stats}")
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -134,13 +132,13 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except Exception as e:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!")
-        RNS.log(str(e)+"\n")
+        RNS.log(f"{e}\n")
         exit()
 
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
@@ -153,9 +151,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
 
     # Tell the user that the client is ready!
     RNS.log(
-        "Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to "+
+        f"Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to {destination_hexhash} (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        destination_hexhash+
-        " (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the user exits.
@@ -217,7 +213,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
             packet_receipt.set_delivery_callback(packet_delivered)
 
             # Tell the user that the echo request was sent
-            RNS.log("Sent echo request to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash))
+            RNS.log(f"Sent echo request to {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash)}")
         else:
             # If we do not know this destination, tell the
             # user to wait for an announce to arrive.
@@ -234,10 +230,10 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
         rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
         if (rtt >= 1):
             rtt = round(rtt, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} seconds"
         else:
             rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} milliseconds"
 
         reception_stats = ""
         if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -245,30 +241,27 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
             reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
 
             if reception_rssi != None:
-                reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+                reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
 
             if reception_snr != None:
-                reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+                reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dB]"
 
         else:
             if receipt.proof_packet != None:
                 if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [RSSI {receipt.proof_packet.rssi} dBm]"
 
                 if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [SNR {receipt.proof_packet.snr} dB]"
 
         RNS.log(
-            "Valid reply received from "+
+            f"Valid reply received from {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)}, round-trip time is {rttstring}{reception_stats}"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
-            ", round-trip time is "+rttstring+
-            reception_stats
         )
 
 # This function is called if a packet times out.
 def packet_timed_out(receipt):
     if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED:
-        RNS.log("Packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)+" timed out")
+        RNS.log(f"Packet {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)} timed out")
 
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Request.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 latest_client_link = None
 
 def random_text_generator(path, data, request_id, link_id, remote_identity, requested_at):
-    RNS.log("Generating response to request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" on link "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link_id))
+    RNS.log(f"Generating response to request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} on link {RNS.prettyhexrep(link_id)}")
     texts = ["They looked up", "On each full moon", "Becky was upset", "I’ll stay away from it", "The pet shop stocks everything"]
     return texts[random.randint(0, len(texts)-1)]
 
@@ -67,9 +67,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Request example "+
+        f"Request example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -187,7 +185,7 @@ def client_loop():
 
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending request over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending request over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -195,13 +193,13 @@ def got_response(request_receipt):
     request_id = request_receipt.request_id
     response = request_receipt.response
 
-    RNS.log("Got response for request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+": "+str(response))
+    RNS.log(f"Got response for request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)}: {response}")
 
 def request_received(request_receipt):
-    RNS.log("The request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)+" was received by the remote peer.")
+    RNS.log(f"The request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)} was received by the remote peer.")
 
 def request_failed(request_receipt):
-    RNS.log("The request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)+" failed.")
+    RNS.log(f"The request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)} failed.")
 
 
 # This function is called when a link

Examples/Speedtest.py

@@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Speedtest "+
+        f"Speedtest {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -108,9 +106,9 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1024.0:
-            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:3.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1024.0
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 
 def server_packet_received(message, packet):
@@ -134,14 +132,14 @@ def server_packet_received(message, packet):
         download_time = last_packet_at-first_packet_at
         hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
         minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
-        timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+        timestring = f"{int(hours):0>2}:{int(minutes):0>2}:{seconds:05.2f}"
 
         print("")
         print("")
         print("--- Statistics -----")
-        print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+        print(f"\tTime taken       : {timestring}")
-        print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(rcv_d))
+        print(f"\tData transferred : {size_str(rcv_d)}")
-        print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(rcv_d/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+        print(f"\tTransfer rate    : {size_str(rcv_d / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
         print("")
 
         sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -260,13 +258,13 @@ def link_established(link):
             download_time = ended-started
             hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
             minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
-            timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+            timestring = f"{int(hours):0>2}:{int(minutes):0>2}:{seconds:05.2f}"
             print("")
             print("")
             print("--- Statistics -----")
-            print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+            print(f"\tTime taken       : {timestring}")
-            print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(data_sent))
+            print(f"\tData transferred : {size_str(data_sent)}")
-            print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(data_sent/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print(f"\tTransfer rate    : {size_str(data_sent / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
             print("")
 
             sys.stdout.flush()

RNS/Buffer.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class StreamDataMessage(MessageBase):
             raise ValueError("stream_id must be 0-16383")
         self.stream_id = stream_id
         self.compressed = compressed
-        self.data = data or bytes()
+        self.data = data or b''
         self.eof = eof
 
     def pack(self) -> bytes:
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class StreamDataMessage(MessageBase):
             raise ValueError("stream_id")
 
         header_val = (0x3fff & self.stream_id) | (0x8000 if self.eof else 0x0000) | (0x4000 if self.compressed > 0 else 0x0000)
-        return bytes(struct.pack(">H", header_val) + (self.data if self.data else bytes()))
+        return bytes(struct.pack(">H", header_val) + (self.data if self.data else b''))
 
     def unpack(self, raw):
         self.stream_id = struct.unpack(">H", raw[:2])[0]
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class RawChannelReader(RawIOBase, AbstractContextManager):
                         try:
                             threading.Thread(target=listener, name="Message Callback", args=[len(self._buffer)], daemon=True).start()
                         except Exception as ex:
-                            RNS.log("Error calling RawChannelReader(" + str(self._stream_id) + ") callback: " + str(ex), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error calling RawChannelReader({self._stream_id}) callback: {ex}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     return True
         return False
 
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class RawChannelWriter(RawIOBase, AbstractContextManager):
             time.sleep(0.05)
 
         self._eof = True
-        self.write(bytes())
+        self.write(b'')
 
     def __enter__(self):
         return self

RNS/Channel.py

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class Envelope:
     Internal wrapper used to transport messages over a channel and
     track its state within the channel framework.
     """
-    def unpack(self, message_factories: dict[int, Type]) -> MessageBase:
+    def unpack(self, message_factories: dict[int, type]) -> MessageBase:
         msgtype, self.sequence, length = struct.unpack(">HHH", self.raw[:6])
         raw = self.raw[6:]
         ctor = message_factories.get(msgtype, None)
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
         self._message_callbacks: [MessageCallbackType] = []
         self._next_sequence = 0
         self._next_rx_sequence = 0
-        self._message_factories: dict[int, Type[MessageBase]] = {}
+        self._message_factories: dict[int, type[MessageBase]] = {}
         self._max_tries = 5
         self.fast_rate_rounds    = 0
         self.medium_rate_rounds  = 0
@@ -301,12 +301,12 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
     def __enter__(self) -> Channel:
         return self
 
-    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: Type[BaseException] | None, __exc_value: BaseException | None,
+    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, __exc_value: BaseException | None,
                  __traceback: TracebackType | None) -> bool | None:
         self._shutdown()
         return False
 
-    def register_message_type(self, message_class: Type[MessageBase]):
+    def register_message_type(self, message_class: type[MessageBase]):
         """
         Register a message class for reception over a ``Channel``.
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
         """
         self._register_message_type(message_class, is_system_type=False)
 
-    def _register_message_type(self, message_class: Type[MessageBase], *, is_system_type: bool = False):
+    def _register_message_type(self, message_class: type[MessageBase], *, is_system_type: bool = False):
         with self._lock:
             if not issubclass(message_class, MessageBase):
                 raise ChannelException(CEType.ME_INVALID_MSG_TYPE,
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
             for existing in ring:
 
                 if envelope.sequence == existing.sequence:
-                    RNS.log(f"Envelope: Emplacement of duplicate envelope with sequence "+str(envelope.sequence), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"Envelope: Emplacement of duplicate envelope with sequence {envelope.sequence}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                     return False
 
                 if envelope.sequence < existing.sequence and not (self._next_rx_sequence - envelope.sequence) > (Channel.SEQ_MAX//2):
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
                 if cb(message):
                     return
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Channel "+str(self)+" experienced an error while running a message callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Channel {self} experienced an error while running a message callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def _receive(self, raw: bytes):
         try:
@@ -420,16 +420,16 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
                     window_overflow = (self._next_rx_sequence+Channel.WINDOW_MAX) % Channel.SEQ_MODULUS
                     if window_overflow < self._next_rx_sequence:
                         if envelope.sequence > window_overflow:
-                            RNS.log("Invalid packet sequence ("+str(envelope.sequence)+") received on channel "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Invalid packet sequence ({envelope.sequence}) received on channel {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                             return
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Invalid packet sequence ("+str(envelope.sequence)+") received on channel "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Invalid packet sequence ({envelope.sequence}) received on channel {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         return
 
                 is_new = self._emplace_envelope(envelope, self._rx_ring)
 
             if not is_new:
-                RNS.log("Duplicate message received on channel "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                RNS.log(f"Duplicate message received on channel {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 return
             else:
                 with self._lock:
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
                         self._run_callbacks(m)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("An error ocurred while receiving data on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while receiving data on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def is_ready_to_send(self) -> bool:
         """
@@ -520,9 +520,9 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
 
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Envelope not found in TX ring for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"Envelope not found in TX ring for {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
         if not envelope:
-            RNS.log("Spurious message received on "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Spurious message received on {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
     def _packet_delivered(self, packet: TPacket):
         self._packet_tx_op(packet, lambda env: True)
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
     def _packet_timeout(self, packet: TPacket):
         def retry_envelope(envelope: Envelope) -> bool:
             if envelope.tries >= self._max_tries:
-                RNS.log("Retry count exceeded on "+str(self)+", tearing down Link.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Retry count exceeded on {self}, tearing down Link.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self._shutdown()  # start on separate thread?
                 self._outlet.timed_out()
                 return True

RNS/Cryptography/Fernet.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class Fernet():
             raise ValueError("Token key cannot be None")
 
         if len(key) != 32:
-            raise ValueError("Token key must be 32 bytes, not "+str(len(key)))
+            raise ValueError(f"Token key must be 32 bytes, not {len(key)}")
 
         self._signing_key = key[:16]
         self._encryption_key = key[16:]
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Fernet():
 
     def verify_hmac(self, token):
         if len(token) <= 32:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot verify HMAC on token of only "+str(len(token))+" bytes")
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot verify HMAC on token of only {len(token)} bytes")
         else:
             received_hmac = token[-32:]
             expected_hmac = HMAC.new(self._signing_key, token[:-32]).digest()

RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class HMAC:
         """
 
         if not isinstance(key, (bytes, bytearray)):
-            raise TypeError("key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got %r" % type(key).__name__)
+            raise TypeError(f"key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got {type(key).__name__!r}")
 
         if not digestmod:
             raise TypeError("Missing required parameter 'digestmod'.")
@@ -60,13 +60,11 @@ class HMAC:
         if hasattr(self._inner, 'block_size'):
             blocksize = self._inner.block_size
             if blocksize < 16:
-                _warnings.warn('block_size of %d seems too small; using our '
+                _warnings.warn(f'block_size of {int(blocksize)} seems too small; using our default of {int(self.blocksize)}.',
-                               'default of %d.' % (blocksize, self.blocksize),
                                RuntimeWarning, 2)
                 blocksize = self.blocksize
         else:
-            _warnings.warn('No block_size attribute on given digest object; '
+            _warnings.warn(f'No block_size attribute on given digest object; Assuming {int(self.blocksize)}.',
-                           'Assuming %d.' % (self.blocksize),
                            RuntimeWarning, 2)
             blocksize = self.blocksize
 

RNS/Cryptography/PKCS7.py

@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ class PKCS7:
         l = len(data)
         n = data[-1]
         if n > bs:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot unpad, invalid padding length of "+str(n)+" bytes")
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot unpad, invalid padding length of {n} bytes")
         else:
             return data[:l-n]

RNS/Cryptography/Provider.py

@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ def backend():
     elif PROVIDER == PROVIDER_INTERNAL:
         return "internal"
     elif PROVIDER == PROVIDER_PYCA:
-        return "openssl, PyCA "+str(pyca_v)
+        return f"openssl, PyCA {pyca_v}"

RNS/Cryptography/SHA256.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import sys
 def new(m=None):
     return sha256(m)
 
-class sha256(object):
+class sha256:
     _k = (0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5,
           0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1, 0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5,
           0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class sha256(object):
 
         if m is not None:
             if type(m) is not bytes:
-                raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, type(m).__name__))
+                raise TypeError(f'{self.__class__.__name__}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
             self.update(m)
 
     def _rotr(self, x, y):
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class sha256(object):
             return
 
         if type(m) is not bytes:
-            raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, type(m).__name__))
+            raise TypeError(f'{sys._getframe().f_code.co_name}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
 
         self._buffer += m
         self._counter += len(m)

RNS/Cryptography/SHA512.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import copy, struct, sys
 def new(m=None):
     return sha512(m)
 
-class sha512(object):
+class sha512:
     _k = (0x428a2f98d728ae22, 0x7137449123ef65cd, 0xb5c0fbcfec4d3b2f, 0xe9b5dba58189dbbc,
           0x3956c25bf348b538, 0x59f111f1b605d019, 0x923f82a4af194f9b, 0xab1c5ed5da6d8118,
           0xd807aa98a3030242, 0x12835b0145706fbe, 0x243185be4ee4b28c, 0x550c7dc3d5ffb4e2,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class sha512(object):
 
         if m is not None:
             if type(m) is not bytes:
-                raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, type(m).__name__))
+                raise TypeError(f'{self.__class__.__name__}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
             self.update(m)
 
     def _rotr(self, x, y):
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class sha512(object):
         if not m:
             return
         if type(m) is not bytes:
-            raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, type(m).__name__))
+            raise TypeError(f'{sys._getframe().f_code.co_name}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
 
         self._buffer += m
         self._counter += len(m)

RNS/Cryptography/__init__.py

@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ elif cp.PROVIDER == cp.PROVIDER_PYCA:
     from RNS.Cryptography.Proxies import Ed25519PrivateKeyProxy as Ed25519PrivateKey
     from RNS.Cryptography.Proxies import Ed25519PublicKeyProxy as Ed25519PublicKey
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Cryptography/aes/aes.py

@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def test():
     print(f"Ciphertext Hex: {ciphertext_block.hex()}")
     print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext_block.decode()}")
     assert plaintext_block == single_block_text
-    print(bcolors.OK + "Single Block Test Passed Successfully" + bcolors.RESET)
+    print(f"{bcolors.OK}Single Block Test Passed Successfully{bcolors.RESET}")
     print()
 
     # test a less than a block length phrase
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def test():
     print(f"Ciphertext Hex: {ciphertext_short.hex()}")
     print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext_short.decode()}")
     assert short_text == plaintext_short
-    print(bcolors.OK + "Short Text Test Passed Successfully" + bcolors.RESET)
+    print(f"{bcolors.OK}Short Text Test Passed Successfully{bcolors.RESET}")
     print()
 
     # test an arbitrary length phrase
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ def test():
     print(f"Ciphertext Hex: {ciphertext.hex()}")
     print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext.decode()}")
     assert text == plaintext
-    print(bcolors.OK + "Arbitrary Length Text Test Passed Successfully" + bcolors.RESET)
+    print(f"{bcolors.OK}Arbitrary Length Text Test Passed Successfully{bcolors.RESET}")
     print()
 
 

RNS/Cryptography/pure25519/basic.py

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def encodepoint(P):
     assert 0 <= y < (1<<255) # always < 0x7fff..ff
     if x & 1:
         y += 1<<255
-    return binascii.unhexlify("%064x" % y)[::-1]
+    return binascii.unhexlify(f"{y:064x}")[::-1]
 
 def isoncurve(P):
     x = P[0]
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ def password_to_scalar(pw):
 def scalar_to_bytes(y):
     y = y % L
     assert 0 <= y < 2**256
-    return binascii.unhexlify("%064x" % y)[::-1]
+    return binascii.unhexlify(f"{y:064x}")[::-1]
 
 # Elements, of various orders
 

RNS/Cryptography/pure25519/ed25519_oop.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class BadPrefixError(Exception):
 def remove_prefix(s_bytes, prefix):
     assert(type(s_bytes) == type(prefix))
     if s_bytes[:len(prefix)] != prefix:
-        raise BadPrefixError("did not see expected '%s' prefix" % (prefix,))
+        raise BadPrefixError(f"did not see expected '{prefix}' prefix")
     return s_bytes[len(prefix):]
 
 def to_ascii(s_bytes, prefix="", encoding="base64"):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def from_ascii(s_ascii, prefix="", encoding="base64"):
         raise NotImplementedError
     return s_bytes
 
-class SigningKey(object):
+class SigningKey:
     # this can only be used to reconstruct a key created by create_keypair().
     def __init__(self, sk_s, prefix="", encoding=None):
         assert isinstance(sk_s, bytes)
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class SigningKey(object):
             return to_ascii(sig_out, prefix, encoding)
         return prefix+sig_out
 
-class VerifyingKey(object):
+class VerifyingKey:
     def __init__(self, vk_s, prefix="", encoding=None):
         if not isinstance(prefix, bytes):
             prefix = prefix.encode('ascii')

RNS/Cryptography/pure25519/eddsa.py

@@ -78,16 +78,16 @@ def sign(skbytes, msg):
     """Return just the signature, given the message and just the secret
     key."""
     if len(skbytes) != 32:
-        raise ValueError("Bad signing key length %d" % len(skbytes))
+        raise ValueError(f"Bad signing key length {len(skbytes)}")
     vkbytes = create_verifying_key(skbytes)
     sig = signature(msg, skbytes, vkbytes)
     return sig
 
 def verify(vkbytes, sig, msg):
     if len(vkbytes) != 32:
-        raise ValueError("Bad verifying key length %d" % len(vkbytes))
+        raise ValueError(f"Bad verifying key length {len(vkbytes)}")
     if len(sig) != 64:
-        raise ValueError("Bad signature length %d" % len(sig))
+        raise ValueError(f"Bad signature length {len(sig)}")
     rc = checkvalid(sig, msg, vkbytes)
     if not rc:
         raise ValueError("rc != 0", rc)

RNS/Destination.py

@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ class Destination:
         name = app_name
         for aspect in aspects:
             if "." in aspect: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in aspects")
-            name += "." + aspect
+            name += f".{aspect}"
 
         if identity != None:
-            name += "." + identity.hexhash
+            name += f".{identity.hexhash}"
 
         return name
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class Destination:
         """
         :returns: A human-readable representation of the destination including addressable hash and full name.
         """
-        return "<"+self.name+"/"+self.hexhash+">"
+        return f"<{self.name}/{self.hexhash}>"
 
     def _clean_ratchets(self):
         if self.ratchets != None:
@@ -210,13 +210,13 @@ class Destination:
         except Exception as e:
             self.ratchets = None
             self.ratchets_path = None
-            raise OSError("Could not write ratchet file contents for "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise OSError(f"Could not write ratchet file contents for {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def rotate_ratchets(self):
         if self.ratchets != None:
             now = time.time()
             if now > self.latest_ratchet_time+self.ratchet_interval:
-                RNS.log("Rotating ratchets for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Rotating ratchets for {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 new_ratchet = RNS.Identity._generate_ratchet()
                 self.ratchets.insert(0, new_ratchet)
                 self.latest_ratchet_time = now
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class Destination:
                 self._persist_ratchets()
             return True
         else:
-            raise SystemError("Cannot rotate ratchet on "+str(self)+", ratchets are not enabled")
+            raise SystemError(f"Cannot rotate ratchet on {self}, ratchets are not enabled")
 
         return False
 
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class Destination:
             # received via multiple paths. The difference in reception time will
             # potentially also be useful in determining characteristics of the
             # multiple available paths, and to choose the best one.
-            RNS.log("Using cached announce data for answering path request with tag "+RNS.prettyhexrep(tag), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Using cached announce data for answering path request with tag {RNS.prettyhexrep(tag)}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
             announce_data = self.path_responses[tag][1]
 
         else:
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ class Destination:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.packet(plaintext, packet)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while executing receive callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing receive callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def incoming_link_request(self, data, packet):
         if self.accept_link_requests:
@@ -437,9 +437,9 @@ class Destination:
                 except Exception as e:
                     self.ratchets = None
                     self.ratchets_path = None
-                    raise OSError("Could not read ratchet file contents for "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    raise OSError(f"Could not read ratchet file contents for {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         else:
-            RNS.log("No existing ratchet data found, initialising new ratchet file for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"No existing ratchet data found, initialising new ratchet file for {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             self.ratchets = []
             self.ratchets_path = ratchets_path
             self._persist_ratchets()
@@ -464,11 +464,11 @@ class Destination:
             self._reload_ratchets(ratchets_path)
 
             # TODO: Remove at some point
-            RNS.log("Ratchets enabled on "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Ratchets enabled on {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             return True
 
         else:
-            raise ValueError("No ratchet file path specified for "+str(self))
+            raise ValueError(f"No ratchet file path specified for {self}")
 
     def enforce_ratchets(self):
         """
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class Destination:
         """
         if self.ratchets != None:
             self.__enforce_ratchets = True
-            RNS.log("Ratchets enforced on "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Ratchets enforced on {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             return True
         else:
             return False
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ class Destination:
                     return self.prv.encrypt(plaintext)
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not encrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             else:
                 raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
 
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ class Destination:
                     return self.prv.decrypt(ciphertext)
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not decrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             else:
                 raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
 

RNS/Identity.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Identity:
     @staticmethod
     def remember(packet_hash, destination_hash, public_key, app_data = None):
         if len(public_key) != Identity.KEYSIZE//8:
-            raise TypeError("Can't remember "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+", the public key size of "+str(len(public_key))+" is not valid.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise TypeError(f"Can't remember {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}, the public key size of {len(public_key)} is not valid.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         else:
             Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash] = [time.time(), packet_hash, public_key, app_data]
 
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ class Identity:
             save_start = time.time()
 
             storage_known_destinations = {}
-            if os.path.isfile(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations"):
+            if os.path.isfile(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations"):
                 try:
-                    file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","rb")
+                    file = open(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations","rb")
                     storage_known_destinations = umsgpack.load(file)
                     file.close()
                 except:
@@ -166,32 +166,32 @@ class Identity:
                     if not destination_hash in Identity.known_destinations:
                         Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash] = storage_known_destinations[destination_hash]
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Skipped recombining known destinations from disk, since an error occurred: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                RNS.log(f"Skipped recombining known destinations from disk, since an error occurred: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
-            RNS.log("Saving "+str(len(Identity.known_destinations))+" known destinations to storage...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Saving {len(Identity.known_destinations)} known destinations to storage...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","wb")
+            file = open(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations","wb")
             umsgpack.dump(Identity.known_destinations, file)
             file.close()
 
             save_time = time.time() - save_start
             if save_time < 1:
-                time_str = str(round(save_time*1000,2))+"ms"
+                time_str = f"{round(save_time * 1000, 2)}ms"
             else:
-                time_str = str(round(save_time,2))+"s"
+                time_str = f"{round(save_time, 2)}s"
 
-            RNS.log("Saved known destinations to storage in "+time_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Saved known destinations to storage in {time_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while saving known destinations to disk, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while saving known destinations to disk, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.trace_exception(e)
 
         Identity.saving_known_destinations = False
 
     @staticmethod
     def load_known_destinations():
-        if os.path.isfile(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations"):
+        if os.path.isfile(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations"):
             try:
-                file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","rb")
+                file = open(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations","rb")
                 loaded_known_destinations = umsgpack.load(file)
                 file.close()
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class Identity:
                     if len(known_destination) == RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8:
                         Identity.known_destinations[known_destination] = loaded_known_destinations[known_destination]
 
-                RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(Identity.known_destinations))+" known destination from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Loaded {len(Identity.known_destinations)} known destination from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Error loading known destinations from disk, file will be recreated on exit", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class Identity:
                         hexhash = RNS.hexrep(destination_hash, delimit=False)
                         ratchet_data = {"ratchet": ratchet, "received": time.time()}
 
-                        ratchetdir = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/ratchets"
+                        ratchetdir = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/ratchets"
 
                         if not os.path.isdir(ratchetdir):
                             os.makedirs(ratchetdir)
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class Identity:
         RNS.log("Cleaning ratchets...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         try:
             now = time.time()
-            ratchetdir = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/ratchets"
+            ratchetdir = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/ratchets"
             if os.path.isdir(ratchetdir):
                 for filename in os.listdir(ratchetdir):
                     try:
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class Identity:
     @staticmethod
     def get_ratchet(destination_hash):
         if not destination_hash in Identity.known_ratchets:
-            ratchetdir = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/ratchets"
+            ratchetdir = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/ratchets"
             hexhash = RNS.hexrep(destination_hash, delimit=False)
             ratchet_path = f"{ratchetdir}/{hexhash}"
             if os.path.isfile(ratchet_path):
@@ -417,19 +417,19 @@ class Identity:
                         if packet.rssi != None or packet.snr != None:
                             signal_str = " ["
                             if packet.rssi != None:
-                                signal_str += "RSSI "+str(packet.rssi)+"dBm"
+                                signal_str += f"RSSI {packet.rssi}dBm"
                                 if packet.snr != None:
                                     signal_str += ", "
                             if packet.snr != None:
-                                signal_str += "SNR "+str(packet.snr)+"dB"
+                                signal_str += f"SNR {packet.snr}dB"
                             signal_str += "]"
                         else:
                             signal_str = ""
 
                         if hasattr(packet, "transport_id") and packet.transport_id != None:
-                            RNS.log("Valid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" "+str(packet.hops)+" hops away, received via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.transport_id)+" on "+str(packet.receiving_interface)+signal_str, RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Valid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} {packet.hops} hops away, received via {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.transport_id)} on {packet.receiving_interface}{signal_str}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Valid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" "+str(packet.hops)+" hops away, received on "+str(packet.receiving_interface)+signal_str, RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Valid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} {packet.hops} hops away, received on {packet.receiving_interface}{signal_str}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                         if ratchet:
                             Identity._remember_ratchet(destination_hash, ratchet)
@@ -437,16 +437,16 @@ class Identity:
                         return True
 
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Received invalid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+": Destination mismatch.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Received invalid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}: Destination mismatch.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         return False
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Received invalid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+": Invalid signature.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Received invalid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}: Invalid signature.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     del announced_identity
                     return False
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error occurred while validating announce. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while validating announce. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             return False
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -505,8 +505,8 @@ class Identity:
                 return True
             return False
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while saving identity to "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while saving identity to {path}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}")
 
     def __init__(self,create_keys=True):
         # Initialize keys to none
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ class Identity:
 
         self.update_hashes()
 
-        RNS.log("Identity keys created for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Identity keys created for {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
     def get_private_key(self):
         """
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ class Identity:
         except Exception as e:
             raise e
             RNS.log("Failed to load identity key", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             return False
 
     def load_public_key(self, pub_bytes):
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ class Identity:
 
             self.update_hashes()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while loading public key, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while loading public key, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def update_hashes(self):
         self.hash = Identity.truncated_hash(self.get_public_key())
@@ -613,8 +613,8 @@ class Identity:
                 return self.load_private_key(prv_bytes)
             return False
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while loading identity from "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while loading identity from {path}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def get_salt(self):
         return self.hash
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ class Identity:
                                 pass
 
                     if enforce_ratchets and plaintext == None:
-                        RNS.log("Decryption with ratchet enforcement by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)+" failed. Dropping packet.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Decryption with ratchet enforcement by {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)} failed. Dropping packet.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         if ratchet_id_receiver:
                             ratchet_id_receiver.latest_ratchet_id = None
                         return None
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ class Identity:
                             ratchet_id_receiver.latest_ratchet_id = None
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Decryption by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Decryption by {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     if ratchet_id_receiver:
                         ratchet_id_receiver.latest_ratchet_id = None
 
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ class Identity:
             try:
                 return self.sig_prv.sign(message)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("The identity "+str(self)+" could not sign the requested message. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The identity {self} could not sign the requested message. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 raise e
         else:
             raise KeyError("Signing failed because identity does not hold a private key")

RNS/Interfaces/AX25KISSInterface.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         self.name     = name
         self.src_call = callsign.upper().encode("ascii")
         self.src_ssid = ssid
-        self.dst_call = "APZRNS".encode("ascii")
+        self.dst_call = b"APZRNS"
         self.dst_ssid = 0
         self.port     = port
         self.speed    = speed
@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         self.flow_control_locked  = time.time()
 
         if (len(self.src_call) < 3 or len(self.src_call) > 6):
-            raise ValueError("Invalid callsign for "+str(self))
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid callsign for {self}")
 
         if (self.src_ssid < 0 or self.src_ssid > 15):
-            raise ValueError("Invalid SSID for "+str(self))
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid SSID for {self}")
 
         self.preamble    = preamble if preamble != None else 350;
         self.txtail      = txtail if txtail != None else 20;
@@ -124,16 +124,16 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring AX.25 KISS interface parameters...")
         self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
         self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface preamble to {preamble_ms} (command value {preamble})")
 
     def setTxTail(self, txtail):
         txtail_ms = txtail
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface TX tail to {txtail_ms} (command value {txtail})")
 
     def setPersistence(self, persistence):
         if persistence < 0:
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface persistence to {persistence}")
 
     def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
         slottime_ms = slottime
@@ -213,16 +213,16 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface slot time to {slottime_ms} (command value {slottime})")
 
     def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
             if (flow_control):
-                raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
                 if written != len(kiss_frame):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         self.interface_ready = True
-                    raise IOError("AX.25 interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(kiss_frame)))
+                    raise OSError(f"AX.25 interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(kiss_frame)}")
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
 
@@ -336,13 +336,13 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         if not self.interface_ready:
                             if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                 self.process_queue()
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -357,17 +357,17 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "AX25KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"AX25KISSInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/Android/KISSInterface.py

@@ -125,17 +125,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port "+self.port, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
         # Get device parameters
         from usb4a import usb
         device = usb.get_usb_device(self.port)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
             proxy = self.pyserial.get_serial_port
             if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                 # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                 proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                 self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 100
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.1
 
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read buffer size set to "+RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read buffer size set to {RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read timeout set to {self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB write timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB write timeout set to {self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def configure_device(self):
         # Allow time for interface to initialise before config
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring KISS interface parameters...")
         self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
         self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface preamble to {preamble_ms} (command value {preamble})")
 
     def setTxTail(self, txtail):
         txtail_ms = txtail
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to {txtail_ms} (command value {txtail})")
 
     def setPersistence(self, persistence):
         if persistence < 0:
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface persistence to {persistence}")
 
     def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
         slottime_ms = slottime
@@ -255,16 +255,16 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface slot time to {slottime_ms} (command value {slottime})")
 
     def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
             if (flow_control):
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                         self.first_tx = time.time()
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
@@ -365,20 +365,20 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         if not self.interface_ready:
                             if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                 self.process_queue()
 
                     if self.beacon_i != None and self.beacon_d != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.beacon_i:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.beacon_d.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.beacon_d.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.first_tx = None
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.beacon_d)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -393,17 +393,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"KISSInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/Android/RNodeInterface.py

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
                 try:
                     self.rfcomm_socket = device.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(self.bt_rfcomm_service_record)
                     if self.rfcomm_socket == None:
-                        raise IOError("Bluetooth stack returned no socket object")
+                        raise OSError("Bluetooth stack returned no socket object")
                     else:
                         if not self.rfcomm_socket.isConnected():
                             try:
@@ -181,13 +181,13 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
                                 self.rfcomm_writer = self.rfcomm_socket.getOutputStream()
                                 self.connected = True
                                 self.connected_device = device
-                                RNS.log("Bluetooth device "+str(self.connected_device.getName())+" "+str(self.connected_device.getAddress())+" connected.")
+                                RNS.log(f"Bluetooth device {self.connected_device.getName()} {self.connected_device.getAddress()} connected.")
                             except Exception as e:
-                                raise IOError("The Bluetooth RFcomm socket could not be connected: "+str(e))
+                                raise OSError(f"The Bluetooth RFcomm socket could not be connected: {e}")
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not create and connect Bluetooth RFcomm socket for "+str(device.getName())+" "+str(device.getAddress()), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not create and connect Bluetooth RFcomm socket for {device.getName()} {device.getAddress()}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
     def close(self):
         if self.connected:
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
 
     def read(self, len = None):
         if self.connection_failed:
-            raise IOError("Bluetooth connection failed")
+            raise OSError("Bluetooth connection failed")
         else:
             if self.connected and self.rfcomm_reader != None:
                 available = self.rfcomm_reader.available()
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
                 else:
                     return bytes([])
             else:
-                raise IOError("No RFcomm socket available")
+                raise OSError("No RFcomm socket available")
 
     def write(self, data):
         try:
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
             self.rfcomm_writer.flush()
             return len(data)
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Bluetooth connection failed for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Bluetooth connection failed for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.connection_failed = True
             return 0
 
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 bluetooth_state = 0x00
 
             if port != None:
-                RNS.log("Opening serial port "+port+"...")
+                RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {port}...")
                 # Get device parameters
                 from usb4a import usb
                 device = usb.get_usb_device(port)
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     proxy = pyserial.get_serial_port
                     if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                         # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                        RNS.log("Using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                         proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -466,31 +466,31 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
         self.validcfg  = True
         if (self.frequency < RNodeInterface.FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeInterface.FREQ_MAX):
-            RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.txpower < 0 or self.txpower > 22):
-            RNS.log("Invalid TX power configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid TX power configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.bandwidth < 7800 or self.bandwidth > 500000):
-            RNS.log("Invalid bandwidth configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid bandwidth configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.sf < 5 or self.sf > 12):
-            RNS.log("Invalid spreading factor configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid spreading factor configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.cr < 5 or self.cr > 8):
-            RNS.log("Invalid coding rate configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid coding rate configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.st_alock and (self.st_alock < 0.0 or self.st_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.lt_alock and (self.lt_alock < 0.0 or self.lt_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if id_interval != None and id_callsign != None:
@@ -499,14 +499,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.id_callsign = id_callsign.encode("utf-8")
                 self.id_interval = id_interval
             else:
-                RNS.log("The encoded ID callsign for "+str(self)+" exceeds the max length of "+str(RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN)+" bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The encoded ID callsign for {self} exceeds the max length of {RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN} bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
             self.id_interval = None
             self.id_callsign = None
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
         try:
             self.open_port()
@@ -515,18 +515,18 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
                 else:
-                    raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+                    raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
             elif self.bt_manager != None:
                 if self.bt_manager.connected:
                     self.configure_device()
                 else:
-                    raise IOError("Could not connect to any Bluetooth devices")
+                    raise OSError("Could not connect to any Bluetooth devices")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Neither serial port nor Bluetooth devices available")
+                raise OSError("Neither serial port nor Bluetooth devices available")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if len(self.hw_errors) == 0:
                 RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to bring up this interface periodically", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect_port, daemon=True).start()
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         elif self.bt_manager != None:
             return self.bt_manager.read()
         else:
-            raise IOError("No ports available for reading")
+            raise OSError("No ports available for reading")
 
     def write_mux(self, data):
         if self.serial != None:
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.last_port_io = time.time()
             return written
         else:
-            raise IOError("No ports available for writing")
+            raise OSError("No ports available for writing")
 
     # def reset_ble(self):
     #     RNS.log(f"Clearing previous connection instance: "+str(self.ble))
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
     def open_port(self):
         if not self.use_ble:
             if self.port != None:
-                RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+                RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
                 # Get device parameters
                 from usb4a import usb
                 device = usb.get_usb_device(self.port)
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     proxy = self.pyserial.get_serial_port
                     if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                         # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                         proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -616,9 +616,9 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                         self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 100
                         self.serial.timeout = 0.1
 
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read buffer size set to "+RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} USB read buffer size set to {RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} USB read timeout set to {self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" USB write timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} USB write timeout set to {self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             elif self.allow_bluetooth:
                 if self.bt_manager == None:
@@ -660,17 +660,17 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 RNS.log(f"RNode detect timed out over {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         if not self.detected:
-            raise IOError("Could not detect device")
+            raise OSError("Could not detect device")
         else:
             if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32 or self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_NRF52:
                 self.display = True
 
         if not self.firmware_ok:
-            raise IOError("Invalid device firmware")
+            raise OSError("Invalid device firmware")
 
         if self.serial != None and self.port != None:
             self.timeout = 200
-            RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+            RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
 
         if self.bt_manager != None and self.bt_manager.connected:
             self.timeout = 1500
@@ -680,11 +680,11 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         self.initRadio()
         if (self.validateRadioState()):
             self.interface_ready = True
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" is configured and powered up")
+            RNS.log(f"{self} is configured and powered up")
             sleep(0.3)
             self.online = True
         else:
-            RNS.log("After configuring "+str(self)+", the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"After configuring {self}, the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Make sure that your hardware actually supports the parameters specified in the configuration", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Aborting RNode startup", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             if self.bt_manager != None:
                 self.bt_manager.close()
 
-            raise IOError("RNode interface did not pass configuration validation")
+            raise OSError("RNode interface did not pass configuration validation")
 
 
     def initRadio(self):
@@ -728,45 +728,45 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_DETECT, KISS.DETECT_REQ, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FW_VERSION, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_PLATFORM, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_MCU, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for {self}")
 
     def leave(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_LEAVE, 0xFF, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
 
     def enable_bluetooth(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_BT_CTRL, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth enable command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth enable command to device")
 
     def disable_bluetooth(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_BT_CTRL, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth disable command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth disable command to device")
 
     def bluetooth_pair(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_BT_CTRL, 0x02, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth pair command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth pair command to device")
 
     def enable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     def disable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     FB_PIXEL_WIDTH     = 64
     FB_BITS_PER_PIXEL  = 1
@@ -791,13 +791,13 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
 
     def hard_reset(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_RESET, 0xf8, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
         sleep(4.0);
 
     def setFrequency(self):
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FREQUENCY])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for {self}")
 
     def setBandwidth(self):
         c1 = self.bandwidth >> 24
@@ -822,28 +822,28 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for {self}")
 
     def setTXPower(self):
         txp = bytes([self.txpower])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXPOWER])+txp+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for {self}")
 
     def setSpreadingFactor(self):
         sf = bytes([self.sf])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SF])+sf+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for {self}")
 
     def setCodingRate(self):
         cr = bytes([self.cr])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_CR])+cr+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for {self}")
 
     def setSTALock(self):
         if self.st_alock != None:
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_ST_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setLTALock(self):
         if self.lt_alock != None:
@@ -867,14 +867,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setRadioState(self, state):
         self.state = state
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE])+bytes([state])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for {self}")
 
     def validate_firmware(self):
         if (self.maj_version > RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ):
@@ -887,17 +887,17 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         if self.firmware_ok:
             return
 
-        RNS.log("The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-        RNS.log("This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         RNS.log("Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from https://github.com/markqvist/reticulum/")
-        error_description  = "The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version)+". "
+        error_description  = f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}. "
-        error_description += "This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN)+". "
+        error_description += f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}. "
         error_description += "Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from: https://github.com/markqvist/rnodeconfigutil/"
         self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_INVALID_FIRMWARE, "description": error_description})
 
 
     def validateRadioState(self):
-        RNS.log("Waiting for radio configuration validation for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Waiting for radio configuration validation for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         if not self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
             sleep(1.00);
         else:
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.bitrate = self.r_sf * ( (4.0/self.r_cr) / (math.pow(2,self.r_sf)/(self.r_bandwidth/1000)) ) * 1000
             self.bitrate_kbps = round(self.bitrate/1000.0, 2)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" On-air bitrate is now "+str(self.bitrate_kbps)+ " kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} On-air bitrate is now {self.bitrate_kbps} kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         except:
             self.bitrate = 0
 
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.txb += datalen
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
 
@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_frequency = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting frequency is "+str(self.r_frequency/1000000.0)+" MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting frequency is {self.r_frequency / 1000000.0} MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH):
@@ -1058,26 +1058,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_bandwidth = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting bandwidth is "+str(self.r_bandwidth/1000.0)+" KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting bandwidth is {self.r_bandwidth / 1000.0} KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_TXPOWER):
                             self.r_txpower = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting TX power is "+str(self.r_txpower)+" dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting TX power is {self.r_txpower} dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_SF):
                             self.r_sf = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting spreading factor is "+str(self.r_sf), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting spreading factor is {self.r_sf}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_CR):
                             self.r_cr = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting coding rate is "+str(self.r_cr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting coding rate is {self.r_cr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE):
                             self.r_state = byte
                             if self.r_state:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is online", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting state is online", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_LOCK):
                             self.r_lock = byte
@@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_st_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_st_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is {self.r_st_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_lt_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_lt_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is {self.r_lt_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_CHTM):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -1217,9 +1217,9 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                         self.r_preamble_symbols  = prs
                                         self.r_premable_time_ms  = prt
                                         self.r_csma_slot_time_ms = cst
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting symbol time is "+str(round(self.r_symbol_time_ms,2))+"ms (at "+str(self.r_symbol_rate)+" baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting symbol time is {round(self.r_symbol_time_ms, 2)}ms (at {self.r_symbol_rate} baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting preamble is "+str(self.r_preamble_symbols)+" symbols ("+str(self.r_premable_time_ms)+"ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting preamble is {self.r_preamble_symbols} symbols ({self.r_premable_time_ms}ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting CSMA slot time is "+str(self.r_csma_slot_time_ms)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting CSMA slot time is {self.r_csma_slot_time_ms}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_BAT):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -1247,26 +1247,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                             self.mcu = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_ERROR):
                             if (byte == KISS.ERROR_INITRADIO):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware initialisation error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware initialisation error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Radio initialisation failure")
+                                raise OSError("Radio initialisation failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_TXFAILED):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware TX error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware TX error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Hardware transmit failure")
+                                raise OSError("Hardware transmit failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW, "description": "Memory exhausted on connected device"})
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT, "description": "Modem communication timed out on connected device"})
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Unknown hardware failure")
+                                raise OSError("Unknown hardware failure")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RESET):
                             if (byte == 0xF8):
                                 if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
                                     if self.online:
                                         RNS.log("Detected reset while device was online, reinitialising device...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                        raise IOError("ESP32 reset")
+                                        raise OSError("ESP32 reset")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
                             self.process_queue()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_DETECT):
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 if got == 0:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" serial read timeout in command "+str(command), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} serial read timeout in command {command}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         data_buffer = b""
                         in_frame = False
                         command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
@@ -1287,22 +1287,22 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     if self.id_interval != None and self.id_callsign != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.id_interval:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.id_callsign.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.id_callsign.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.id_callsign)
 
                     if (time.time() - self.last_port_io > self.port_io_timeout):
                         self.detect()
 
                     if (time.time() - self.last_port_io > self.port_io_timeout*3):
-                        raise IOError("Connected port for "+str(self)+" became unresponsive")
+                        raise OSError(f"Connected port for {self} became unresponsive")
 
                     if self.bt_manager != None:
                         sleep(0.08)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -1330,10 +1330,10 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 try:
                     time.sleep(self.reconnect_w)
                     if self.serial != None and self.port != None:
-                        RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     if self.bt_manager != None:
-                        RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect Bluetooth device for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect Bluetooth device for {self}...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     self.open_port()
 
@@ -1352,10 +1352,10 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 self.enable_external_framebuffer()
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while reconnecting RNode, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting RNode, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if self.online:
-                RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+                RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def detach(self):
         self.detached = True
@@ -1399,7 +1399,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             return data
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "RNodeInterface["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"RNodeInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class BLEConnection(BluetoothDispatcher):
     UART_SERVICE_UUID = "6e400001-b5a3-f393-e0a9-e50e24dcca9e"
@@ -1472,7 +1472,7 @@ class BLEConnection(BluetoothDispatcher):
             RNS.trace_exception(e)
 
     def __init__(self, owner=None, target_name=None, target_bt_addr=None):
-        super(BLEConnection, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
         self.owner = owner
         self.target_name = target_name
         self.target_bt_addr = target_bt_addr

RNS/Interfaces/Android/SerialInterface.py

@@ -98,17 +98,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
         # Get device parameters
         from usb4a import usb
         device = usb.get_usb_device(self.port)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
             proxy = self.pyserial.get_serial_port
             if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                 # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                 proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
                 self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 100
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.1
 
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read buffer size set to "+RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read buffer size set to {RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read timeout set to {self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB write timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB write timeout set to {self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def configure_device(self):
         sleep(0.5)
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
             written = self.serial.write(data)
             self.txb += len(data)
             if written != len(data):
-                raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
     def readLoop(self):
         try:
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -244,17 +244,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "SerialInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"SerialInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/Android/__init__.py

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
 import os
 import glob
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Interfaces/AutoInterface.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import RNS
 class AutoInterface(Interface):
     DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT = 29716
     DEFAULT_DATA_PORT      = 42671
-    DEFAULT_GROUP_ID       = "reticulum".encode("utf-8")
+    DEFAULT_GROUP_ID       = b"reticulum"
 
     SCOPE_LINK         = "2"
     SCOPE_ADMIN        = "4"
@@ -169,32 +169,32 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
 
         self.group_hash = RNS.Identity.full_hash(self.group_id)
         g = self.group_hash
-        #gt  = "{:02x}".format(g[1]+(g[0]<<8))
+        #gt  = f"{g[1] + (g[0] << 8):02x}"
         gt  = "0"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[3]+(g[2]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[3] + (g[2] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[5]+(g[4]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[5] + (g[4] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[7]+(g[6]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[7] + (g[6] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[9]+(g[8]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[9] + (g[8] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[11]+(g[10]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[11] + (g[10] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[13]+(g[12]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[13] + (g[12] << 8):02x}"
-        self.mcast_discovery_address = "ff"+self.multicast_address_type+self.discovery_scope+":"+gt
+        self.mcast_discovery_address = f"ff{self.multicast_address_type}{self.discovery_scope}:{gt}"
 
         suitable_interfaces = 0
         for ifname in self.list_interfaces():
             try:
                 if RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_darwin() and ifname in AutoInterface.DARWIN_IGNORE_IFS and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Darwin AWDL or tethering interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping Darwin AWDL or tethering interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_darwin() and ifname == "lo0":
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Darwin loopback interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping Darwin loopback interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_android() and ifname in AutoInterface.ANDROID_IGNORE_IFS and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Android system interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping Android system interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif ifname in self.ignored_interfaces:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" ignoring disallowed interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} ignoring disallowed interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif ifname in AutoInterface.ALL_IGNORE_IFS:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 else:
                     if len(self.allowed_interfaces) > 0 and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" ignoring interface "+str(ifname)+" since it was not allowed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} ignoring interface {ifname} since it was not allowed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                     else:
                         addresses = self.list_addresses(ifname)
                         if self.netinfo.AF_INET6 in addresses:
@@ -213,10 +213,10 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                             RNS.log(f"{self} Selecting link-local address {link_local_addr} for interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                             if link_local_addr == None:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" No link-local IPv6 address configured for "+str(ifname)+", skipping interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} No link-local IPv6 address configured for {ifname}, skipping interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                             else:
                                 mcast_addr = self.mcast_discovery_address
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Creating multicast discovery listener on "+str(ifname)+" with address "+str(mcast_addr), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Creating multicast discovery listener on {ifname} with address {mcast_addr}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                                 # Struct with interface index
                                 if_struct = struct.pack("I", self.interface_name_to_index(ifname))
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                 else:
 
                                     if self.discovery_scope == AutoInterface.SCOPE_LINK:
-                                        addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(mcast_addr+"%"+ifname, self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+                                        addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(f"{mcast_addr}%{ifname}", self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                                     else:
                                         addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(mcast_addr, self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                     RNS.log(f"Could not configure the system interface {ifname} for use with {self}, skipping it. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         if suitable_interfaces == 0:
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" could not autoconfigure. This interface currently provides no connectivity.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} could not autoconfigure. This interface currently provides no connectivity.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
         else:
             self.receives = True
 
@@ -277,13 +277,13 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                 self.bitrate = AutoInterface.BITRATE_GUESS
 
             peering_wait = self.announce_interval*1.2
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" discovering peers for "+str(round(peering_wait, 2))+" seconds...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} discovering peers for {round(peering_wait, 2)} seconds...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
             self.owner = owner
             socketserver.UDPServer.address_family = socket.AF_INET6
 
             for ifname in self.adopted_interfaces:
-                local_addr = self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]+"%"+str(self.interface_name_to_index(ifname))
+                local_addr = f"{self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]}%{self.interface_name_to_index(ifname)}"
                 addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(local_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                 address = addr_info[0][4]
 
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
             if data == expected_hash:
                 self.add_peer(ipv6_src[0], ifname)
             else:
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" received peering packet on "+str(ifname)+" from "+str(ipv6_src[0])+", but authentication hash was incorrect.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} received peering packet on {ifname} from {ipv6_src[0]}, but authentication hash was incorrect.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def peer_jobs(self):
         while True:
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
             # Remove any timed out peers
             for peer_addr in timed_out_peers:
                 removed_peer = self.peers.pop(peer_addr)
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" removed peer "+str(peer_addr)+" on "+str(removed_peer[0]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} removed peer {peer_addr} on {removed_peer[0]}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             for ifname in self.adopted_interfaces:
                 # Check that the link-local address has not changed
@@ -349,25 +349,25 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                     link_local_addr = self.descope_linklocal(address["addr"])
                                     if link_local_addr != self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]:
                                         old_link_local_address = self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]
-                                        RNS.log("Replacing link-local address "+str(old_link_local_address)+" for "+str(ifname)+" with "+str(link_local_addr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Replacing link-local address {old_link_local_address} for {ifname} with {link_local_addr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                         self.adopted_interfaces[ifname] = link_local_addr
                                         self.link_local_addresses.append(link_local_addr)
 
                                         if old_link_local_address in self.link_local_addresses:
                                             self.link_local_addresses.remove(old_link_local_address)
 
-                                        local_addr = link_local_addr+"%"+ifname
+                                        local_addr = f"{link_local_addr}%{ifname}"
                                         addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(local_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                                         listen_address = addr_info[0][4]
 
                                         if ifname in self.interface_servers:
-                                            RNS.log("Shutting down previous UDP listener for "+str(self)+" "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Shutting down previous UDP listener for {self} {ifname}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                             previous_server = self.interface_servers[ifname]
                                             def shutdown_server():
                                                 previous_server.shutdown()
                                             threading.Thread(target=shutdown_server, daemon=True).start()
 
-                                        RNS.log("Starting new UDP listener for "+str(self)+" "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Starting new UDP listener for {self} {ifname}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                                         udp_server = socketserver.UDPServer(listen_address, self.handler_factory(self.processIncoming))
                                         self.interface_servers[ifname] = udp_server
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                         self.carrier_changed = True
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not get device information while updating link-local addresses for "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not get device information while updating link-local addresses for {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 # Check multicast echo timeouts
                 last_multicast_echo = 0
@@ -389,12 +389,12 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                 if now - last_multicast_echo > self.multicast_echo_timeout:
                     if ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces and self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] == False:
                         self.carrier_changed = True
-                        RNS.log("Multicast echo timeout for "+str(ifname)+". Carrier lost.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"Multicast echo timeout for {ifname}. Carrier lost.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                     self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] = True
                 else:
                     if ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces and self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] == True:
                         self.carrier_changed = True
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Carrier recovered on "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} Carrier recovered on {ifname}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                     self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] = False
 
 
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
 
         except Exception as e:
             if (ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces and self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] == False) or not ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces:
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" Detected possible carrier loss on "+str(ifname)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} Detected possible carrier loss on {ifname}: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
             else:
                 pass
 
@@ -431,12 +431,12 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
             if ifname != None:
                 self.multicast_echoes[ifname] = time.time()
             else:
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" received multicast echo on unexpected interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} received multicast echo on unexpected interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
         else:
             if not addr in self.peers:
                 self.peers[addr] = [ifname, time.time()]
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" added peer "+str(addr)+" on "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} added peer {addr} on {ifname}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             else:
                 self.refresh_peer(addr)
 
@@ -464,12 +464,12 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                     if self.outbound_udp_socket == None:
                         self.outbound_udp_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
 
-                    peer_addr = str(peer)+"%"+str(self.interface_name_to_index(self.peers[peer][0]))
+                    peer_addr = f"{peer}%{self.interface_name_to_index(self.peers[peer][0])}"
                     addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(peer_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                     self.outbound_udp_socket.sendto(data, addr_info[0][4])
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not transmit on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not transmit on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
             self.txb += len(data)
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "AutoInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"AutoInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class AutoInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/I2PInterface.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class I2PController:
 
         time.sleep(0.10)
         if self.loop == None:
-            RNS.log("Could not get event loop for "+str(self)+", waiting for event loop to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not get event loop for {self}, waiting for event loop to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         while self.loop == None:
             self.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class I2PController:
             self.loop.run_forever()
         except Exception as e:
             self.ready = False
-            RNS.log("Exception on event loop for "+str(self)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Exception on event loop for {self}: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         finally:
             self.loop.close()
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class I2PController:
             if not self.client_tunnels[i2p_destination]:
                 try:
                     async def tunnel_up():
-                        RNS.log("Bringing up I2P tunnel to "+str(owner)+", this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                        RNS.log(f"Bringing up I2P tunnel to {owner}, this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
                         tunnel = self.i2plib.ClientTunnel(i2p_destination, owner.local_addr, sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop)
                         self.i2plib_tunnels[i2p_destination] = tunnel
                         await tunnel.run()
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class I2PController:
                     result = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(tunnel_up(), self.loop).result()
 
                     if not i2p_destination in self.i2plib_tunnels:
-                        raise IOError("No tunnel control instance was created")
+                        raise OSError("No tunnel control instance was created")
 
                     else:
                         tn = self.i2plib_tunnels[i2p_destination]
@@ -167,19 +167,19 @@ class I2PController:
                                             try:
                                                 owner.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                                             except Exception as e:
-                                                RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(owner)+": "+str(e))
+                                                RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {owner}: {e}")
 
                                             try:
                                                 owner.socket.close()
                                             except Exception as e:
-                                                RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(owner)+": "+str(e))
+                                                RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {owner}: {e}")
                                 self.client_tunnels[i2p_destination] = True
                                 owner.awaiting_i2p_tunnel = False
 
-                                RNS.log(str(owner)+" tunnel setup complete", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                                RNS.log(f"{owner} tunnel setup complete", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                         else:
-                            raise IOError("Got no status response from SAM API")
+                            raise OSError("Got no status response from SAM API")
 
                 except ConnectionRefusedError as e:
                     raise e
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class I2PController:
                     raise e
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Unexpected error type from I2P SAM: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Unexpected error type from I2P SAM: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     raise e
 
             else:
@@ -197,16 +197,16 @@ class I2PController:
                     i2p_exception = i2ptunnel.status["exception"]
 
                     if i2ptunnel.status["setup_ran"] == False:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
 
                     elif i2p_exception != None:
-                        RNS.log("An error ocurred while setting up I2P tunnel to "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while setting up I2P tunnel to {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         if isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.CantReachPeer):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon can't reach peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon can't reach peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.DuplicatedDest):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the destination is already in use", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -218,19 +218,19 @@ class I2PController:
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the stream session ID doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.InvalidKey):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the key for "+str(i2p_destination)+" is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon reported that the key for {i2p_destination} is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.KeyNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon could not find the key for "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon could not find the key for {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.PeerNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon mould not find the peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon mould not find the peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.I2PError):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon experienced an unspecified error", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.Timeout):
-                            RNS.log("I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         RNS.log("Resetting I2P tunnel and retrying later", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
@@ -238,13 +238,13 @@ class I2PController:
                         return False
 
                     elif i2ptunnel.status["setup_failed"] == True:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                     return False
@@ -259,11 +259,11 @@ class I2PController:
 
         # Old format
         i2p_dest_hash_of = RNS.Identity.full_hash(RNS.Identity.full_hash(owner.name.encode("utf-8")))
-        i2p_keyfile_of   = self.storagepath+"/"+RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_of, delimit=False)+".i2p"
+        i2p_keyfile_of   = f"{self.storagepath}/{RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_of, delimit=False)}.i2p"
 
         # New format
         i2p_dest_hash_nf = RNS.Identity.full_hash(RNS.Identity.full_hash(owner.name.encode("utf-8"))+RNS.Identity.full_hash(RNS.Transport.identity.hash))
-        i2p_keyfile_nf   = self.storagepath+"/"+RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_nf, delimit=False)+".i2p"
+        i2p_keyfile_nf   = f"{self.storagepath}/{RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_nf, delimit=False)}.i2p"
 
         # Use old format if a key is already present
         if os.path.isfile(i2p_keyfile_of):
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ class I2PController:
             key_file.write(i2p_dest.private_key.base64)
             key_file.close()
         else:
-            key_file = open(i2p_keyfile, "r")
+            key_file = open(i2p_keyfile)
             prvd = key_file.read()
             key_file.close()
             i2p_dest = self.i2plib.Destination(data=prvd, has_private_key=True)
@@ -294,12 +294,12 @@ class I2PController:
             if self.server_tunnels[i2p_b32] == False:
                 try:
                     async def tunnel_up():
-                        RNS.log(str(owner)+" Bringing up I2P endpoint, this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                        RNS.log(f"{owner} Bringing up I2P endpoint, this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
                         tunnel = self.i2plib.ServerTunnel((owner.bind_ip, owner.bind_port), loop=self.loop, destination=i2p_dest, sam_address=self.sam_address)
                         self.i2plib_tunnels[i2p_b32] = tunnel
                         await tunnel.run()
                         owner.online = True
-                        RNS.log(str(owner)+ " endpoint setup complete. Now reachable at: "+str(i2p_dest.base32)+".b32.i2p", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"{owner} endpoint setup complete. Now reachable at: {i2p_dest.base32}.b32.i2p", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                     asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(tunnel_up(), self.loop).result()
                     self.server_tunnels[i2p_b32] = True
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class I2PController:
                     i2p_exception = i2ptunnel.status["exception"]
 
                     if i2ptunnel.status["setup_ran"] == False:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class I2PController:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while setting up I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         if isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.CantReachPeer):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon can't reach peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon can't reach peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.DuplicatedDest):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the destination is already in use", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -334,19 +334,19 @@ class I2PController:
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the stream session ID doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.InvalidKey):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the key for "+str(i2p_destination)+" is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon reported that the key for {i2p_destination} is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.KeyNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon could not find the key for "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon could not find the key for {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.PeerNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon mould not find the peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon mould not find the peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.I2PError):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon experienced an unspecified error", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.Timeout):
-                            RNS.log("I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         RNS.log("Resetting I2P tunnel and retrying later", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
@@ -354,13 +354,13 @@ class I2PController:
                         return False
 
                     elif i2ptunnel.status["setup_failed"] == True:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                     return False
@@ -475,11 +475,11 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                         self.target_port = self.bind_port
 
                         if not self.parent_interface.i2p.client_tunnel(self, target_i2p_dest):
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             self.awaiting_i2p_tunnel = True
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while while configuring "+str(self)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while while configuring {self}: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         RNS.log("Check that I2P is installed and running, and that SAM is enabled. Retrying tunnel setup later.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     time.sleep(8)
@@ -532,16 +532,16 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                 if socket != None:
                     target_socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
             try:
                 if socket != None:
                     target_socket.close()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))    
+                RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
     def detach(self):
-        RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+        RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         if self.socket != None:
             if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
                 if callable(self.socket.close):
@@ -550,12 +550,12 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                     try:
                         self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.close()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     self.socket = None
 
@@ -568,8 +568,8 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
         except Exception as e:
             if initial:
                 if not self.awaiting_i2p_tunnel:
-                    RNS.log("Initial connection for "+str(self)+" could not be established: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Initial connection for {self} could not be established: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in "+str(I2PInterfacePeer.RECONNECT_WAIT)+" seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in {I2PInterfacePeer.RECONNECT_WAIT} seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 return False
 
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                     attempts += 1
 
                     if self.max_reconnect_tries != None and attempts > self.max_reconnect_tries:
-                        RNS.log("Max reconnection attempts reached for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Max reconnection attempts reached for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         self.teardown()
                         break
 
@@ -609,12 +609,12 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
                     except Exception as e:
                         if not self.awaiting_i2p_tunnel:
-                            RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Connection attempt for {self} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" still waiting for I2P tunnel to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} still waiting for I2P tunnel to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 if not self.never_connected:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Re-established connection via I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} Re-established connection via I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_INFO)
 
                 self.reconnecting = False
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
         else:
             RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator I2P interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator I2P interface")
+            raise OSError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator I2P interface")
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
         self.rxb += len(data)
@@ -656,8 +656,8 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                     self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Exception occurred while transmitting via {self}, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.teardown()
 
 
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                         if self.socket != None:
                             self.socket.sendall(bytes([HDLC.FLAG, HDLC.FLAG]))
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("An error ocurred while sending I2P keepalive. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while sending I2P keepalive. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         self.shutdown_socket(self.socket)
                         should_run = False
 
@@ -693,12 +693,12 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                         try:
                             self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                         try:
                             self.socket.close()
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     should_run = False
 
@@ -782,10 +782,10 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                     self.wd_reset = False
 
                     if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-                        RNS.log("Socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"Socket for {self} was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         self.reconnect()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Socket for remote client "+str(self)+" was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"Socket for remote client {self} was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                         self.teardown()
 
                     break
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("An interface error occurred for "+str(self)+", the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+            RNS.log(f"An interface error occurred for {self}, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
             if self.initiator:
                 RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
@@ -803,12 +803,12 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
     def teardown(self):
         if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
         else:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         self.online = False
         self.OUT = False
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "I2PInterfacePeer["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"I2PInterfacePeer[{self.name}]"
 
 
 class I2PInterface(Interface):
@@ -895,11 +895,11 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
                 while True:
                     try:
                         if not self.i2p.server_tunnel(self):
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             self.online = False
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while while configuring "+str(self)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while while configuring {self}: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         RNS.log("Check that I2P is installed and running, and that SAM is enabled. Retrying tunnel setup later.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     time.sleep(15)
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
 
         if peers != None:
             for peer_addr in peers:
-                interface_name = self.name+" to "+peer_addr
+                interface_name = f"{self.name} to {peer_addr}"
                 peer_interface = I2PInterfacePeer(self, self.owner, interface_name, peer_addr)
                 peer_interface.OUT = True
                 peer_interface.IN  = True
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
 
     def incoming_connection(self, handler):
         RNS.log("Accepting incoming I2P connection", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-        interface_name = "Connected peer on "+self.name
+        interface_name = f"Connected peer on {self.name}"
         spawned_interface = I2PInterfacePeer(self, self.owner, interface_name, connected_socket=handler.request)
         spawned_interface.OUT = True
         spawned_interface.IN  = True
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
         spawned_interface.announce_rate_penalty = self.announce_rate_penalty
         spawned_interface.mode = self.mode
         spawned_interface.HW_MTU = self.HW_MTU
-        RNS.log("Spawned new I2PInterface Peer: "+str(spawned_interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Spawned new I2PInterface Peer: {spawned_interface}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(spawned_interface)
         self.clients += 1
         spawned_interface.read_loop()
@@ -969,11 +969,11 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
         if from_spawned: self.oa_freq_deque.append(time.time())
 
     def detach(self):
-        RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+        RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         self.i2p.stop()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "I2PInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"I2PInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class I2PInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/Interface.py

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class Interface:
                             selected_announce_packet = announce_packet
 
                     if selected_announce_packet != None:
-                        RNS.log("Releasing held announce packet "+str(selected_announce_packet)+" from "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Releasing held announce packet {selected_announce_packet} from {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         self.ic_held_release = time.time() + self.ic_held_release_interval
                         self.held_announces.pop(selected_announce_packet.destination_hash)
                         def release():
@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ class Interface:
                         threading.Thread(target=release, daemon=True).start()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("An error occurred while processing held announces for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An error occurred while processing held announces for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def received_announce(self):
         self.ia_freq_deque.append(time.time())
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class Interface:
 
             except Exception as e:
                 self.announce_queue = []
-                RNS.log("Error while processing announce queue on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while processing announce queue on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.log("The announce queue for this interface has been cleared.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def detach(self):

RNS/Interfaces/KISSInterface.py

@@ -113,17 +113,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port "+self.port, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring KISS interface parameters...")
         self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
         self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface preamble to {preamble_ms} (command value {preamble})")
 
     def setTxTail(self, txtail):
         txtail_ms = txtail
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to {txtail_ms} (command value {txtail})")
 
     def setPersistence(self, persistence):
         if persistence < 0:
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface persistence to {persistence}")
 
     def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
         slottime_ms = slottime
@@ -205,16 +205,16 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface slot time to {slottime_ms} (command value {slottime})")
 
     def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
             if (flow_control):
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                         self.first_tx = time.time()
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
@@ -311,20 +311,20 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         if not self.interface_ready:
                             if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                 self.process_queue()
 
                     if self.beacon_i != None and self.beacon_d != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.beacon_i:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.beacon_d.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.beacon_d.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.first_tx = None
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.beacon_d)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -339,17 +339,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"KISSInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/LocalInterface.py

@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                         self.connect()
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Connection attempt for {self} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 if not self.never_connected:
-                    RNS.log("Reconnected socket for "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                    RNS.log(f"Reconnected socket for {self}.", RNS.LOG_INFO)
 
                 self.reconnecting = False
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
 
         else:
             RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator shared local interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator local interface")
+            raise OSError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator local interface")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                     self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Exception occurred while transmitting via {self}, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.teardown()
 
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                 else:
                     self.online = False
                     if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance and not self.detached:
-                        RNS.log("Socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"Socket for {self} was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         RNS.Transport.shared_connection_disappeared()
                         self.reconnect()
                     else:
@@ -237,26 +237,26 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("An interface error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An interface error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("Tearing down "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Tearing down {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.teardown()
 
     def detach(self):
         if self.socket != None:
             if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
                 if callable(self.socket.close):
-                    RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.detached = True
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.close()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     self.socket = None
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                     RNS.Transport.owner._should_persist_data()
 
         if nowarning == False:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "LocalInterface["+str(self.target_port)+"]"
+        return f"LocalInterface[{self.target_port}]"
 
 
 class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
         if from_spawned: self.oa_freq_deque.append(time.time())
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "Shared Instance["+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+        return f"Shared Instance[{self.bind_port}]"
 
 class LocalInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/PipeInterface.py

@@ -72,17 +72,17 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
             self.open_pipe()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could connect pipe for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could connect pipe for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.pipe_is_open:
             self.configure_pipe()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not connect pipe")
+            raise OSError("Could not connect pipe")
 
 
     def open_pipe(self):
-        RNS.log("Connecting subprocess pipe for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Connecting subprocess pipe for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         try:
             self.process = subprocess.Popen(shlex.split(self.command), stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Subprocess pipe for "+str(self)+" is now connected", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Subprocess pipe for {self} is now connected", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
             self.process.stdin.flush()
             self.txb += len(data)
             if written != len(data):
-                raise IOError("Pipe interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Pipe interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
 
     def readLoop(self):
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
                                 escape = False
                             data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
 
-            RNS.log("Subprocess terminated on "+str(self))
+            RNS.log(f"Subprocess terminated on {self}")
             self.process.kill()
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
             except Exception as e:
                 pass
 
-            RNS.log("A pipe error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A pipe error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(self.respawn_delay)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to respawn subprocess for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to respawn subprocess for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_pipe()
                 if self.pipe_is_open:
                     self.configure_pipe()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while spawning subprocess, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while spawning subprocess, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected pipe for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected pipe for {self}")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "PipeInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"PipeInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/RNodeInterface.py

@@ -211,31 +211,31 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
         self.validcfg  = True
         if (self.frequency < RNodeInterface.FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeInterface.FREQ_MAX):
-            RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.txpower < 0 or self.txpower > 22):
-            RNS.log("Invalid TX power configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid TX power configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.bandwidth < 7800 or self.bandwidth > 1625000):
-            RNS.log("Invalid bandwidth configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid bandwidth configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.sf < 5 or self.sf > 12):
-            RNS.log("Invalid spreading factor configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid spreading factor configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.cr < 5 or self.cr > 8):
-            RNS.log("Invalid coding rate configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid coding rate configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.st_alock and (self.st_alock < 0.0 or self.st_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.lt_alock and (self.lt_alock < 0.0 or self.lt_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if id_interval != None and id_callsign != None:
@@ -244,14 +244,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.id_callsign = id_callsign.encode("utf-8")
                 self.id_interval = id_interval
             else:
-                RNS.log("The encoded ID callsign for "+str(self)+" exceeds the max length of "+str(RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN)+" bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The encoded ID callsign for {self} exceeds the max length of {RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN} bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
             self.id_interval = None
             self.id_callsign = None
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
         try:
             self.open_port()
@@ -259,11 +259,11 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             if self.serial.is_open:
                 self.configure_device()
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+                raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to bring up this interface periodically", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if not self.detached and not self.reconnecting:
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect_port)
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
     def open_port(self):
         if not self.use_ble:
-            RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+            RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
             self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
                 port = self.port,
                 baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -327,22 +327,22 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 RNS.log(f"RNode detect timed out over {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         if not self.detected:
-            RNS.log("Could not detect device for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not detect device for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.serial.close()
         else:
             if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32 or self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_NRF52:
                 self.display = True
 
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring RNode interface...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.initRadio()
         if (self.validateRadioState()):
             self.interface_ready = True
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" is configured and powered up")
+            RNS.log(f"{self} is configured and powered up")
             sleep(0.3)
             self.online = True
         else:
-            RNS.log("After configuring "+str(self)+", the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"After configuring {self}, the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Make sure that your hardware actually supports the parameters specified in the configuration", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Aborting RNode startup", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.serial.close()
@@ -365,27 +365,27 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_DETECT, KISS.DETECT_REQ, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FW_VERSION, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_PLATFORM, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_MCU, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for {self}")
 
     def leave(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_LEAVE, 0xFF, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
 
     def enable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     def disable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     FB_PIXEL_WIDTH     = 64
     FB_BITS_PER_PIXEL  = 1
@@ -409,13 +409,13 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
 
     def hard_reset(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_RESET, 0xf8, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
         sleep(2.25);
 
     def setFrequency(self):
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FREQUENCY])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for {self}")
 
     def setBandwidth(self):
         c1 = self.bandwidth >> 24
@@ -440,28 +440,28 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for {self}")
 
     def setTXPower(self):
         txp = bytes([self.txpower])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXPOWER])+txp+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for {self}")
 
     def setSpreadingFactor(self):
         sf = bytes([self.sf])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SF])+sf+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for {self}")
 
     def setCodingRate(self):
         cr = bytes([self.cr])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_CR])+cr+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for {self}")
 
     def setSTALock(self):
         if self.st_alock != None:
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_ST_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setLTALock(self):
         if self.lt_alock != None:
@@ -485,14 +485,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setRadioState(self, state):
         self.state = state
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE])+bytes([state])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for {self}")
 
     def validate_firmware(self):
         if (self.maj_version > RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ):
@@ -505,14 +505,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         if self.firmware_ok:
             return
 
-        RNS.log("The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-        RNS.log("This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         RNS.log("Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from https://github.com/markqvist/rnodeconfigutil/")
         RNS.panic()
 
 
     def validateRadioState(self):
-        RNS.log("Waiting for radio configuration validation for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Waiting for radio configuration validation for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         sleep(0.25);
 
         self.validcfg = True
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.bitrate = self.r_sf * ( (4.0/self.r_cr) / (math.pow(2,self.r_sf)/(self.r_bandwidth/1000)) ) * 1000
             self.bitrate_kbps = round(self.bitrate/1000.0, 2)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" On-air bitrate is now "+str(self.bitrate_kbps)+ " kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} On-air bitrate is now {self.bitrate_kbps} kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         except:
             self.bitrate = 0
 
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.txb += datalen
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_frequency = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting frequency is "+str(self.r_frequency/1000000.0)+" MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting frequency is {self.r_frequency / 1000000.0} MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH):
@@ -655,26 +655,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_bandwidth = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting bandwidth is "+str(self.r_bandwidth/1000.0)+" KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting bandwidth is {self.r_bandwidth / 1000.0} KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_TXPOWER):
                             self.r_txpower = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting TX power is "+str(self.r_txpower)+" dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting TX power is {self.r_txpower} dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_SF):
                             self.r_sf = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting spreading factor is "+str(self.r_sf), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting spreading factor is {self.r_sf}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_CR):
                             self.r_cr = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting coding rate is "+str(self.r_cr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting coding rate is {self.r_cr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE):
                             self.r_state = byte
                             if self.r_state:
                                 pass
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_LOCK):
                             self.r_lock = byte
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_st_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_st_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is {self.r_st_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_lt_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_lt_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is {self.r_lt_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_CHTM):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -813,9 +813,9 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                         self.r_preamble_symbols  = prs
                                         self.r_premable_time_ms  = prt
                                         self.r_csma_slot_time_ms = cst
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting symbol time is "+str(round(self.r_symbol_time_ms,2))+"ms (at "+str(self.r_symbol_rate)+" baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting symbol time is {round(self.r_symbol_time_ms, 2)}ms (at {self.r_symbol_rate} baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting preamble is "+str(self.r_preamble_symbols)+" symbols ("+str(self.r_premable_time_ms)+"ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting preamble is {self.r_preamble_symbols} symbols ({self.r_premable_time_ms}ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting CSMA slot time is "+str(self.r_csma_slot_time_ms)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting CSMA slot time is {self.r_csma_slot_time_ms}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_BAT):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -843,26 +843,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                             self.mcu = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_ERROR):
                             if (byte == KISS.ERROR_INITRADIO):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware initialisation error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware initialisation error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Radio initialisation failure")
+                                raise OSError("Radio initialisation failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_TXFAILED):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware TX error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware TX error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Hardware transmit failure")
+                                raise OSError("Hardware transmit failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW, "description": "Memory exhausted on connected device"})
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT, "description": "Modem communication timed out on connected device"})
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Unknown hardware failure")
+                                raise OSError("Unknown hardware failure")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RESET):
                             if (byte == 0xF8):
                                 if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
                                     if self.online:
                                         RNS.log("Detected reset while device was online, reinitialising device...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                        raise IOError("ESP32 reset")
+                                        raise OSError("ESP32 reset")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
                             self.process_queue()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_DETECT):
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 else:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" serial read timeout in command "+str(command), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} serial read timeout in command {command}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         data_buffer = b""
                         in_frame = False
                         command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
@@ -883,15 +883,15 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     if self.id_interval != None and self.id_callsign != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.id_interval:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.id_callsign.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.id_callsign.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.id_callsign)
 
                     sleep(0.08)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -912,16 +912,16 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online and not self.detached:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         self.reconnecting = False
         if self.online:
-            RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+            RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def detach(self):
         self.detached = True
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             return data
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "RNodeInterface["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"RNodeInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class BLEConnection():
     UART_SERVICE_UUID = "6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"

RNS/Interfaces/RNodeMultiInterface.py

@@ -241,14 +241,14 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 self.id_callsign = id_callsign.encode("utf-8")
                 self.id_interval = id_interval
             else:
-                RNS.log("The encoded ID callsign for "+str(self)+" exceeds the max length of "+str(RNodeMultiInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN)+" bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The encoded ID callsign for {self} exceeds the max length of {RNodeMultiInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN} bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
             self.id_interval = None
             self.id_callsign = None
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
     def start(self):
         try:
@@ -257,11 +257,11 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             if self.serial.is_open:
                 self.configure_device()
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+                raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to bring up this interface periodically", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if not self.detached and not self.reconnecting:
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect_port)
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 thread.start()
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -296,13 +296,13 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         sleep(0.2)
 
         if not self.detected:
-            RNS.log("Could not detect device for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not detect device for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.serial.close()
         else:
             if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32 or self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_NRF52:
                 self.display = True
 
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Creating subinterfaces...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         for subint in self.subint_config:
             subint_vport = int(subint[1])
@@ -333,38 +333,38 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 interface.HW_MTU = self.HW_MTU
                 interface.detected = True
                 RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(interface)
-                RNS.log("Spawned new RNode subinterface: "+str(interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Spawned new RNode subinterface: {interface}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 self.clients += 1
             else:
-                raise ValueError("Virtual port \""+subint[1]+"\" for subinterface "+subint[0]+" does not exist on "+self.name)
+                raise ValueError(f"Virtual port \"{subint[1]}\" for subinterface {subint[0]} does not exist on {self.name}")
         self.online = True
 
     def detect(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_DETECT, KISS.DETECT_REQ, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FW_VERSION, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_PLATFORM, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_MCU, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_INTERFACES, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for {self}")
 
     def leave(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_LEAVE, 0xFF, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
 
     def enable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     def disable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     FB_PIXEL_WIDTH     = 64
     FB_BITS_PER_PIXEL  = 1
@@ -388,13 +388,13 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
 
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
 
     def hard_reset(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_RESET, 0xf8, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
         sleep(2.25);
 
     def setFrequency(self, frequency, interface):
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FREQUENCY])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setBandwidth(self, bandwidth, interface):
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setTXPower(self, txpower, interface):
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXPOWER])+txp+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setSpreadingFactor(self, sf, interface):
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SF])+sf+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setCodingRate(self, cr, interface):
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_CR])+cr+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setSTALock(self, st_alock, interface):
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_ST_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for {self}")
             self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setLTALock(self, lt_alock, interface):
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for {self}")
             self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setRadioState(self, state, interface):
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE])+bytes([state])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def validate_firmware(self):
@@ -489,8 +489,8 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         if self.firmware_ok:
             return
 
-        RNS.log("The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-        RNS.log("This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         RNS.log("Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/RNS/Utilities/rnodeconf.py")
         RNS.panic()
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             self.txb += len(data)
 
             if written != len(frame):
-                raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
     def received_announce(self, from_spawned=False):
         if from_spawned: self.ia_freq_deque.append(time.time())
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_frequency = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting frequency is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_frequency/1000000.0)+" MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting frequency is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_frequency / 1000000.0} MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH):
@@ -605,20 +605,20 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_bandwidth = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting bandwidth is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_bandwidth/1000.0)+" KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting bandwidth is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_bandwidth / 1000.0} KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_TXPOWER):
                             txp = byte - 256 if byte > 127 else byte
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_txpower = txp
-                            RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting TX power is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_txpower)+" dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting TX power is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_txpower} dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_SF):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_sf = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting spreading factor is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_sf), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting spreading factor is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_sf}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_CR):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_cr = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting coding rate is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_cr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting coding rate is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_cr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_state = byte
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 pass
                                 #RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is online", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_LOCK):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lock = byte
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_st_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_st_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_st_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lt_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lt_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lt_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_CHTM):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -766,9 +766,9 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                         self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_preamble_symbols  = prs
                                         self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_premable_time_ms  = prt
                                         self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_csma_slot_time_ms = cst
-                                        RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting symbol time is "+str(round(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_time_ms,2))+"ms (at "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_rate)+" baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting symbol time is {round(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_time_ms, 2)}ms (at {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_rate} baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting preamble is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_preamble_symbols)+" symbols ("+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_premable_time_ms)+"ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting preamble is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_preamble_symbols} symbols ({self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_premable_time_ms}ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting CSMA slot time is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_csma_slot_time_ms)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting CSMA slot time is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_csma_slot_time_ms}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RANDOM):
                             self.r_random = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_PLATFORM):
@@ -777,20 +777,20 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                             self.mcu = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_ERROR):
                             if (byte == KISS.ERROR_INITRADIO):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware initialisation error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware initialisation error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Radio initialisation failure")
+                                raise OSError("Radio initialisation failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_TXFAILED):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware TX error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware TX error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Hardware transmit failure")
+                                raise OSError("Hardware transmit failure")
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Unknown hardware failure")
+                                raise OSError("Unknown hardware failure")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RESET):
                             if (byte == 0xF8):
                                 if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
                                     if self.online:
                                         RNS.log("Detected reset while device was online, reinitialising device...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                        raise IOError("ESP32 reset")
+                                        raise OSError("ESP32 reset")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
                             self.process_queue()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_DETECT):
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 else:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" serial read timeout in command "+str(command), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} serial read timeout in command {command}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         data_buffer = b""
                         in_frame = False
                         command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
@@ -824,14 +824,14 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                         self.subinterfaces[interface.index].processOutgoing(self.id_callsign)
 
                                 if interface_available:
-                                    RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data on all subinterfaces: "+str(self.id_callsign.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data on all subinterfaces: {self.id_callsign.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                     sleep(0.08)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -854,16 +854,16 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online and not self.detached:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         self.reconnecting = False
         if self.online:
-            RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+            RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def detach(self):
         self.detached = True
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 interface.process_queue()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "RNodeMultiInterface["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"RNodeMultiInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
     LOW_FREQ_MIN = 137000000
@@ -1019,42 +1019,42 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         self.validcfg  = True
         if (self.interface_type == "SX126X" or self.interface_type == "SX127X"):
             if (self.frequency < RNodeSubInterface.LOW_FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeSubInterface.LOW_FREQ_MAX):
-                RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         elif (self.interface_type == "SX128X"):
             if (self.frequency < RNodeSubInterface.HIGH_FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeSubInterface.HIGH_FREQ_MAX):
-                RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
-            RNS.log("Invalid interface type configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid interface type configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.txpower < -9 or self.txpower > 27):
-            RNS.log("Invalid TX power configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid TX power configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.bandwidth < 7800 or self.bandwidth > 1625000):
-            RNS.log("Invalid bandwidth configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid bandwidth configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.sf < 5 or self.sf > 12):
-            RNS.log("Invalid spreading factor configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid spreading factor configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.cr < 5 or self.cr > 8):
-            RNS.log("Invalid coding rate configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid coding rate configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.st_alock and (self.st_alock < 0.0 or self.st_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.lt_alock and (self.lt_alock < 0.0 or self.lt_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
         self.configure_device()
 
@@ -1068,15 +1068,15 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         self.r_lock      = None
         sleep(2.0)
 
-        RNS.log("Configuring RNode subinterface "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Configuring RNode subinterface {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.initRadio()
         if (self.validateRadioState()):
             self.interface_ready = True
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" is configured and powered up")
+            RNS.log(f"{self} is configured and powered up")
             sleep(0.3)
             self.online = True
         else:
-            RNS.log("After configuring "+str(self)+", the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"After configuring {self}, the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Make sure that your hardware actually supports the parameters specified in the configuration", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Aborting RNode startup", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         self.state = KISS.RADIO_STATE_ON
 
     def validateRadioState(self):
-        RNS.log("Waiting for radio configuration validation for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Waiting for radio configuration validation for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         sleep(0.25);
 
         self.validcfg = True
@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.bitrate = self.r_sf * ( (4.0/self.r_cr) / (math.pow(2,self.r_sf)/(self.r_bandwidth/1000)) ) * 1000
             self.bitrate_kbps = round(self.bitrate/1000.0, 2)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" On-air bitrate is now "+str(self.bitrate_kbps)+ " kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} On-air bitrate is now {self.bitrate_kbps} kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         except:
             self.bitrate = 0
 
@@ -1162,4 +1162,4 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
             self.interface_ready = True
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return self.parent_interface.name+"["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"{self.parent_interface.name}[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/SerialInterface.py

@@ -86,17 +86,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
             written = self.serial.write(data)
             self.txb += len(data)
             if written != len(data):
-                raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
 
     def readLoop(self):
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -191,17 +191,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "SerialInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"SerialInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/TCPInterface.py

@@ -180,25 +180,25 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
         if self.socket != None:
             if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
                 if callable(self.socket.close):
-                    RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.detached = True
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.close()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     self.socket = None
 
     def connect(self, initial=False):
         try:
             if initial:
-                RNS.log("Establishing TCP connection for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Establishing TCP connection for {self}...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
             self.socket.settimeout(TCPClientInterface.INITIAL_CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
@@ -208,12 +208,12 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
             self.online  = True
 
             if initial:
-                RNS.log("TCP connection for "+str(self)+" established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"TCP connection for {self} established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
         except Exception as e:
             if initial:
-                RNS.log("Initial connection for "+str(self)+" could not be established: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Initial connection for {self} could not be established: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in "+str(TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT)+" seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in {TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT} seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 return False
 
             else:
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                     attempts += 1
 
                     if self.max_reconnect_tries != None and attempts > self.max_reconnect_tries:
-                        RNS.log("Max reconnection attempts reached for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Max reconnection attempts reached for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         self.teardown()
                         break
 
@@ -249,10 +249,10 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                         self.connect()
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Connection attempt for {self} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 if not self.never_connected:
-                    RNS.log("Reconnected socket for "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                    RNS.log(f"Reconnected socket for {self}.", RNS.LOG_INFO)
 
                 self.reconnecting = False
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
         else:
             RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface")
+            raise OSError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface")
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
         self.rxb += len(data)
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                     self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Exception occurred while transmitting via {self}, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.teardown()
 
 
@@ -361,10 +361,10 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                 else:
                     self.online = False
                     if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-                        RNS.log("The socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"The socket for {self} was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         self.reconnect()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("The socket for remote client "+str(self)+" was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"The socket for remote client {self} was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                         self.teardown()
 
                     break
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("An interface error occurred for "+str(self)+", the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+            RNS.log(f"An interface error occurred for {self}, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
             if self.initiator:
                 RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
@@ -382,12 +382,12 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
     def teardown(self):
         if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
         else:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         self.online = False
         self.OUT = False
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "TCPInterface["+str(self.name)+"/"+str(self.target_ip)+":"+str(self.target_port)+"]"
+        return f"TCPInterface[{self.name}/{self.target_ip}:{self.target_port}]"
 
 
 class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
 
     def incoming_connection(self, handler):
         RNS.log("Accepting incoming TCP connection", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-        interface_name = "Client on "+self.name
+        interface_name = f"Client on {self.name}"
         spawned_interface = TCPClientInterface(self.owner, interface_name, target_ip=None, target_port=None, connected_socket=handler.request, i2p_tunneled=self.i2p_tunneled)
         spawned_interface.OUT = self.OUT
         spawned_interface.IN  = self.IN
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
         spawned_interface.mode = self.mode
         spawned_interface.HW_MTU = self.HW_MTU
         spawned_interface.online = True
-        RNS.log("Spawned new TCPClient Interface: "+str(spawned_interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Spawned new TCPClient Interface: {spawned_interface}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(spawned_interface)
         self.clients += 1
         spawned_interface.read_loop()
@@ -521,17 +521,17 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
             if hasattr(self.server, "shutdown"):
                 if callable(self.server.shutdown):
                     try:
-                        RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         self.server.shutdown()
                         self.detached = True
                         self.server = None
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down server for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down server for {self}: {e}")
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "TCPServerInterface["+self.name+"/"+self.bind_ip+":"+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+        return f"TCPServerInterface[{self.name}/{self.bind_ip}:{self.bind_port}]"
 
 
 class TCPInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):

RNS/Interfaces/UDPInterface.py

@@ -101,11 +101,11 @@ class UDPInterface(Interface):
             self.txb += len(data)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not transmit on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not transmit on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "UDPInterface["+self.name+"/"+self.bind_ip+":"+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+        return f"UDPInterface[{self.name}/{self.bind_ip}:{self.bind_port}]"
 
 class UDPInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/__init__.py

@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ import os
 import glob
 import RNS.Interfaces.Android
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Link.py

@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ class Link:
                 link.destination = packet.destination
                 link.establishment_timeout = Link.ESTABLISHMENT_TIMEOUT_PER_HOP * max(1, packet.hops) + Link.KEEPALIVE
                 link.establishment_cost += len(packet.raw)
-                RNS.log("Validating link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Validating link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id)}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-                RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(link.establishment_timeout)} for incoming link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(link.establishment_timeout)} for incoming link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id)}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 link.handshake()
                 link.attached_interface = packet.receiving_interface
                 link.prove()
@@ -125,12 +125,12 @@ class Link:
                 link.last_inbound = time.time()
                 link.start_watchdog()
 
-                RNS.log("Incoming link request "+str(link)+" accepted on "+str(link.attached_interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Incoming link request {link} accepted on {link.attached_interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 return link
 
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Validating link request failed", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-                RNS.log("exc: "+str(e))
+                RNS.log(f"exc: {e}")
                 return None
 
         else:
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ class Link:
             self.start_watchdog()
             self.packet.send()
             self.had_outbound()
-            RNS.log("Link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id)+" sent to "+str(self.destination), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id)} sent to {self.destination}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(self.establishment_timeout)} for link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(self.establishment_timeout)} for link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id)}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
 
     def load_peer(self, peer_pub_bytes, peer_sig_pub_bytes):
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class Link:
                 context=self.get_context(),
             )
         else:
-            RNS.log("Handshake attempt on "+str(self)+" with invalid state "+str(self.status), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Handshake attempt on {self} with invalid state {self.status}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def prove(self):
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ class Link:
 
                     if self.destination.identity.validate(signature, signed_data):
                         if self.status != Link.HANDSHAKE:
-                            raise IOError("Invalid link state for proof validation: "+str(self.status))
+                            raise OSError(f"Invalid link state for proof validation: {self.status}")
 
                         self.rtt = time.time() - self.request_time
                         self.attached_interface = packet.receiving_interface
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ class Link:
                         self.activated_at = time.time()
                         self.last_proof = self.activated_at
                         RNS.Transport.activate_link(self)
-                        RNS.log("Link "+str(self)+" established with "+str(self.destination)+", RTT is "+str(round(self.rtt, 3))+"s", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"Link {self} established with {self.destination}, RTT is {round(self.rtt, 3)}s", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                         if self.rtt != None and self.establishment_cost != None and self.rtt > 0 and self.establishment_cost > 0:
                             self.establishment_rate = self.establishment_cost/self.rtt
@@ -315,12 +315,12 @@ class Link:
                             thread.daemon = True
                             thread.start()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Invalid link proof signature received by "+str(self)+". Ignoring.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Invalid link proof signature received by {self}. Ignoring.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.status = Link.CLOSED
-            RNS.log("An error ocurred while validating link request proof on "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while validating link request proof on {self}.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def identify(self, identity):
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ class Link:
 
         else:
             request_id = RNS.Identity.truncated_hash(packed_request)
-            RNS.log("Sending request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Sending request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             request_resource = RNS.Resource(packed_request, self, request_id = request_id, is_response = False, timeout = timeout)
 
             return RequestReceipt(
@@ -411,10 +411,10 @@ class Link:
                     if self.owner.callbacks.link_established != None:
                             self.owner.callbacks.link_established(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error occurred in external link establishment callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error occurred in external link establishment callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error occurred while processing RTT packet, tearing down link. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while processing RTT packet, tearing down link. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.teardown()
 
     def track_phy_stats(self, track):
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ class Link:
             try:
                 self.callbacks.link_closed(self)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while executing link closed callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while executing link closed callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def start_watchdog(self):
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ class Link:
                 if sleep_time == 0:
                     RNS.log("Warning! Link watchdog sleep time of 0!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 if sleep_time == None or sleep_time < 0:
-                    RNS.log("Timing error! Tearing down link "+str(self)+" now.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Timing error! Tearing down link {self} now.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     self.teardown()
                     sleep_time = 0.1
 
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class Link:
                         allowed = True
 
                 if allowed:
-                    RNS.log("Handling request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" for: "+str(path), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Handling request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} for: {path}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     if len(inspect.signature(response_generator).parameters) == 5:
                         response = response_generator(path, request_data, request_id, self.__remote_identity, requested_at)
                     elif len(inspect.signature(response_generator).parameters) == 6:
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ class Link:
                             response_resource = RNS.Resource(packed_response, self, request_id = request_id, is_response = True)
                 else:
                     identity_string = str(self.get_remote_identity()) if self.get_remote_identity() != None else "<Unknown>"
-                    RNS.log("Request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" from "+identity_string+" not allowed for: "+str(path), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} from {identity_string} not allowed for: {path}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def handle_response(self, request_id, response_data, response_size, response_transfer_size):
         if self.status == Link.ACTIVE:
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ class Link:
                         pending_request.response_transfer_size += response_transfer_size
                         pending_request.response_received(response_data)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     break
 
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ class Link:
 
             self.handle_request(request_id, request_data)
         else:
-            RNS.log("Incoming request resource failed with status: "+RNS.hexrep([resource.status]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Incoming request resource failed with status: {RNS.hexrep([resource.status])}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def response_resource_concluded(self, resource):
         if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ class Link:
 
             self.handle_response(request_id, response_data, resource.total_size, resource.size)
         else:
-            RNS.log("Incoming response resource failed with status: "+RNS.hexrep([resource.status]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Incoming response resource failed with status: {RNS.hexrep([resource.status])}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             for pending_request in self.pending_requests:
                 if pending_request.request_id == resource.request_id:
                     pending_request.request_timed_out(None)
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ class Link:
                                             packet.prove()
                                             should_query = True
                                     except Exception as e:
-                                        RNS.log("Error while executing proof request callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing proof request callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                             self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=should_query)
 
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ class Link:
                                         try:
                                             self.callbacks.remote_identified(self, self.__remote_identity)
                                         except Exception as e:
-                                            RNS.log("Error while executing remote identified callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing remote identified callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                                     self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=True)
 
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ class Link:
                                 self.handle_request(request_id, unpacked_request)
                                 self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=True)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error occurred while handling request. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while handling request. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     elif packet.context == RNS.Packet.RESPONSE:
                         try:
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ class Link:
                                 self.handle_response(request_id, response_data, transfer_size, transfer_size)
                                 self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=True)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     elif packet.context == RNS.Packet.LRRTT:
                         if not self.initiator:
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ class Link:
                                         if self.callbacks.resource(resource_advertisement):
                                             RNS.Resource.accept(packet, self.callbacks.resource_concluded)
                                     except Exception as e:
-                                        RNS.log("Error while executing resource accept callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource accept callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             elif self.resource_strategy == Link.ACCEPT_ALL:
                                 RNS.Resource.accept(packet, self.callbacks.resource_concluded)
 
@@ -970,13 +970,13 @@ class Link:
                 try:
                     self.fernet = Fernet(self.derived_key)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not instantiate Fernet while performin encryption on link "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not instantiate Fernet while performin encryption on link {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     raise e
 
             return self.fernet.encrypt(plaintext)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Encryption on link "+str(self)+" failed. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Encryption on link {self} failed. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
 
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ class Link:
             return self.fernet.decrypt(ciphertext)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Decryption failed on link "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Decryption failed on link {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             return None
 
 
@@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
 
     def request_resource_concluded(self, resource):
         if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-            RNS.log("Request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)+" successfully sent as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)} successfully sent as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             if self.started_at == None:
                 self.started_at = time.time()
             self.status = RequestReceipt.DELIVERED
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
             response_timeout_thread.daemon = True
             response_timeout_thread.start()
         else:
-            RNS.log("Sending request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)+" as resource failed with status: "+RNS.hexrep([resource.status]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Sending request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)} as resource failed with status: {RNS.hexrep([resource.status])}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             self.status = RequestReceipt.FAILED
             self.concluded_at = time.time()
             self.link.pending_requests.remove(self)
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
                 try:
                     self.callbacks.failed(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing request failed callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing request failed callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def __response_timeout_job(self):
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
             try:
                 self.callbacks.failed(self)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while executing request timed out callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while executing request timed out callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def response_resource_progress(self, resource):
@@ -1229,7 +1229,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
                     try:
                         self.callbacks.progress(self)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while executing response progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing response progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             else:
                 resource.cancel()
 
@@ -1252,13 +1252,13 @@ class RequestReceipt():
                 try:
                     self.callbacks.progress(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing response progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing response progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if self.callbacks.response != None:
                 try:
                     self.callbacks.response(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing response received callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing response received callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def get_request_id(self):
         """

RNS/Packet.py

@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ class Packet:
                         # Announce packets are not encrypted
                         self.ciphertext = self.data
                 else:
-                    raise IOError("Packet with header type 2 must have a transport ID")
+                    raise OSError("Packet with header type 2 must have a transport ID")
 
 
         self.header += bytes([self.context])
         self.raw = self.header + self.ciphertext
 
         if len(self.raw) > self.MTU:
-            raise IOError("Packet size of "+str(len(self.raw))+" exceeds MTU of "+str(self.MTU)+" bytes")
+            raise OSError(f"Packet size of {len(self.raw)} exceeds MTU of {self.MTU} bytes")
 
         self.packed = True
         self.update_hash()
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class Packet:
             return True
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Received malformed packet, dropping it. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Received malformed packet, dropping it. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
             return False
 
     def send(self):
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class Packet:
         if not self.sent:
             if self.destination.type == RNS.Destination.LINK:
                 if self.destination.status == RNS.Link.CLOSED:
-                    raise IOError("Attempt to transmit over a closed link")
+                    raise OSError("Attempt to transmit over a closed link")
                 else:
                     self.destination.last_outbound = time.time()
                     self.destination.tx += 1
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class Packet:
                 return False
 
         else:
-            raise IOError("Packet was already sent")
+            raise OSError("Packet was already sent")
 
     def resend(self):
         """
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class Packet:
                 self.receipt = None
                 return False
         else:
-            raise IOError("Packet was not sent yet")
+            raise OSError("Packet was not sent yet")
 
     def prove(self, destination=None):
         if self.fromPacked and hasattr(self, "destination") and self.destination:
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ class PacketReceipt:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.delivery(self)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("An error occurred while evaluating external delivery callback for "+str(link), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"An error occurred while evaluating external delivery callback for {link}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             RNS.trace_exception(e)
 
                     return True
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ class PacketReceipt:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.delivery(self)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     return True
                 else:
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class PacketReceipt:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.delivery(self)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     return True
             else:

RNS/Resource.py

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class Resource:
             resource.window_flexibility  = Resource.WINDOW_FLEXIBILITY
             resource.last_activity       = time.time()
 
-            resource.storagepath         = RNS.Reticulum.resourcepath+"/"+resource.original_hash.hex()
+            resource.storagepath         = f"{RNS.Reticulum.resourcepath}/{resource.original_hash.hex()}"
             resource.segment_index       = adv.i
             resource.total_segments      = adv.l
             if adv.l > 1:
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class Resource:
                     try:
                         resource.link.callbacks.resource_started(resource)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while executing resource started callback from "+str(resource)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource started callback from {resource}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 resource.hashmap_update(0, resource.hashmap_raw)
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class Resource:
                 return resource
 
             else:
-                RNS.log("Ignoring resource advertisement for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)+", resource already transferring", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Ignoring resource advertisement for {RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)}, resource already transferring", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 return None
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class Resource:
             if (auto_compress and len(self.uncompressed_data) <= Resource.AUTO_COMPRESS_MAX_SIZE):
                 RNS.log("Compressing resource data...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 self.compressed_data   = bz2.compress(self.uncompressed_data)
-                RNS.log("Compression completed in "+str(round(time.time()-compression_began, 3))+" seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Compression completed in {round(time.time() - compression_began, 3)} seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             else:
                 self.compressed_data   = self.uncompressed_data
 
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ class Resource:
 
             if (self.compressed_size < self.uncompressed_size and auto_compress):
                 saved_bytes = len(self.uncompressed_data) - len(self.compressed_data)
-                RNS.log("Compression saved "+str(saved_bytes)+" bytes, sending compressed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Compression saved {saved_bytes} bytes, sending compressed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 self.data  = b""
                 self.data += RNS.Identity.get_random_hash()[:Resource.RANDOM_HASH_SIZE]
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class Resource:
             hashmap_ok = False
             while not hashmap_ok:
                 hashmap_computation_began = time.time()
-                RNS.log("Starting resource hashmap computation with "+str(hashmap_entries)+" entries...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Starting resource hashmap computation with {hashmap_entries} entries...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 self.random_hash       = RNS.Identity.get_random_hash()[:Resource.RANDOM_HASH_SIZE]
                 self.hash = RNS.Identity.full_hash(data+self.random_hash)
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class Resource:
                         self.hashmap += part.map_hash
                         self.parts.append(part)
 
-                RNS.log("Hashmap computation concluded in "+str(round(time.time()-hashmap_computation_began, 3))+" seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Hashmap computation concluded in {round(time.time() - hashmap_computation_began, 3)} seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             if advertise:
                 self.advertise()
@@ -447,9 +447,9 @@ class Resource:
             self.status = Resource.ADVERTISED
             self.retries_left = self.max_adv_retries
             self.link.register_outgoing_resource(self)
-            RNS.log("Sent resource advertisement for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Sent resource advertisement for {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not advertise resource, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not advertise resource, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.cancel()
             return
 
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ class Resource:
                             self.adv_sent = self.last_activity
                             sleep_time = 0.001
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Could not resend advertisement packet, cancelling resource. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                            RNS.log(f"Could not resend advertisement packet, cancelling resource. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                             self.cancel()
 
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class Resource:
                     if sleep_time < 0:
                         if self.retries_left > 0:
                             ms = "" if self.outstanding_parts == 1 else "s"
-                            RNS.log("Timed out waiting for "+str(self.outstanding_parts)+" part"+ms+", requesting retry", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Timed out waiting for {self.outstanding_parts} part{ms}, requesting retry", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             if self.window > self.window_min:
                                 self.window -= 1
                                 if self.window_max > self.window_min:
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ class Resource:
 
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Error while assembling received resource.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.status = Resource.CORRUPT
 
             self.link.resource_concluded(self)
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ class Resource:
                     try:
                         self.callback(self)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while executing resource assembled callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource assembled callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 try:
                     if hasattr(self.data, "close") and callable(self.data.close):
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ class Resource:
                     RNS.log("Error while cleaning up resource files, the contained exception was:", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     RNS.log(str(e))
             else:
-                RNS.log("Resource segment "+str(self.segment_index)+" of "+str(self.total_segments)+" received, waiting for next segment to be announced", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Resource segment {self.segment_index} of {self.total_segments} received, waiting for next segment to be announced", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
 
     def prove(self):
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class Resource:
                 proof_packet.send()
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Could not send proof packet, cancelling resource", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 self.cancel()
 
     def __prepare_next_segment(self):
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ class Resource:
                             try:
                                 self.callback(self)
                             except Exception as e:
-                                RNS.log("Error while executing resource concluded callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource concluded callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             finally:
                                 try:
                                     if hasattr(self, "input_file"):
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ class Resource:
                                             self.input_file.close()
 
                                 except Exception as e:
-                                    RNS.log("Error while closing resource input file: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Error while closing resource input file: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     else:
                         # Otherwise we'll recursively create the
                         # next segment of the resource
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ class Resource:
                                 try:
                                     self.__progress_callback(self)
                                 except Exception as e:
-                                    RNS.log("Error while executing progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     i += 1
 
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ class Resource:
 
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Could not send resource request packet, cancelling resource", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.cancel()
 
     # Called on outgoing resource to make it send more data
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ class Resource:
 
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Resource could not send parts, cancelling transfer!", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.cancel()
 
             if wants_more_hashmap:
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ class Resource:
                     self.last_activity = time.time()
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Could not send resource HMU packet, cancelling resource", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.cancel()
 
             if self.sent_parts == len(self.parts):
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ class Resource:
                 try:
                     self.__progress_callback(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def cancel(self):
         """
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ class Resource:
                         cancel_packet = RNS.Packet(self.link, self.hash, context=RNS.Packet.RESOURCE_ICL)
                         cancel_packet.send()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Could not send resource cancel packet, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Could not send resource cancel packet, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.link.cancel_outgoing_resource(self)
             else:
                 self.link.cancel_incoming_resource(self)
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ class Resource:
                     self.link.resource_concluded(self)
                     self.callback(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing callbacks on resource cancel from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing callbacks on resource cancel from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def set_callback(self, callback):
         self.callback = callback
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ class Resource:
         return self.compressed
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "<"+RNS.hexrep(self.hash,delimit=False)+"/"+RNS.hexrep(self.link.link_id,delimit=False)+">"
+        return f"<{RNS.hexrep(self.hash, delimit=False)}/{RNS.hexrep(self.link.link_id, delimit=False)}>"
 
 
 class ResourceAdvertisement:

RNS/Reticulum.py

@@ -203,20 +203,20 @@ class Reticulum:
         else:
             if os.path.isdir("/etc/reticulum") and os.path.isfile("/etc/reticulum/config"):
                 Reticulum.configdir = "/etc/reticulum"
-            elif os.path.isdir(Reticulum.userdir+"/.config/reticulum") and os.path.isfile(Reticulum.userdir+"/.config/reticulum/config"):
+            elif os.path.isdir(f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.config/reticulum") and os.path.isfile(f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.config/reticulum/config"):
-                Reticulum.configdir = Reticulum.userdir+"/.config/reticulum"
+                Reticulum.configdir = f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.config/reticulum"
             else:
-                Reticulum.configdir = Reticulum.userdir+"/.reticulum"
+                Reticulum.configdir = f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.reticulum"
 
         if logdest == RNS.LOG_FILE:
             RNS.logdest = RNS.LOG_FILE
-            RNS.logfile = Reticulum.configdir+"/logfile"
+            RNS.logfile = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/logfile"
 
-        Reticulum.configpath    = Reticulum.configdir+"/config"
+        Reticulum.configpath    = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/config"
-        Reticulum.storagepath   = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage"
+        Reticulum.storagepath   = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage"
-        Reticulum.cachepath     = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage/cache"
+        Reticulum.cachepath     = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage/cache"
-        Reticulum.resourcepath  = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage/resources"
+        Reticulum.resourcepath  = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage/resources"
-        Reticulum.identitypath  = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage/identities"
+        Reticulum.identitypath  = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage/identities"
 
         Reticulum.__transport_enabled = False
         Reticulum.__remote_management_enabled = False
@@ -266,17 +266,17 @@ class Reticulum:
             try:
                 self.config = ConfigObj(self.configpath)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Could not parse the configuration at "+self.configpath, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Could not parse the configuration at {self.configpath}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.log("Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.panic()
         else:
             RNS.log("Could not load config file, creating default configuration file...")
             self.__create_default_config()
-            RNS.log("Default config file created. Make any necessary changes in "+Reticulum.configdir+"/config and restart Reticulum if needed.")
+            RNS.log(f"Default config file created. Make any necessary changes in {Reticulum.configdir}/config and restart Reticulum if needed.")
             time.sleep(1.5)
 
         self.__apply_config()
-        RNS.log("Configuration loaded from "+self.configpath, RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Configuration loaded from {self.configpath}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         RNS.Identity.load_known_destinations()
 
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                 RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(interface)
 
                 self.is_shared_instance = True
-                RNS.log("Started shared instance interface: "+str(interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Started shared instance interface: {interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 self.__start_jobs()
 
             except Exception as e:
@@ -353,10 +353,10 @@ class Reticulum:
                     Reticulum.__transport_enabled = False
                     Reticulum.__remote_management_enabled = False
                     Reticulum.__allow_probes = False
-                    RNS.log("Connected to locally available Reticulum instance via: "+str(interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Connected to locally available Reticulum instance via: {interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Local shared instance appears to be running, but it could not be connected", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     self.is_shared_instance = False
                     self.is_standalone_instance = True
                     self.is_connected_to_shared_instance = False
@@ -411,11 +411,11 @@ class Reticulum:
                     for hexhash in v:
                         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                         if len(hexhash) != dest_len:
-                            raise ValueError("Identity hash length for remote management ACL "+str(hexhash)+" is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                            raise ValueError(f"Identity hash length for remote management ACL {hexhash} is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                         try:
                             allowed_hash = bytes.fromhex(hexhash)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            raise ValueError("Invalid identity hash for remote management ACL: "+str(hexhash))
+                            raise ValueError(f"Invalid identity hash for remote management ACL: {hexhash}")
 
                         if not allowed_hash in RNS.Transport.remote_management_allowed:
                             RNS.Transport.remote_management_allowed.append(allowed_hash)
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.OUT = True
 
                                     if interface_mode == Interface.Interface.MODE_ACCESS_POINT:
-                                        RNS.log(str(interface)+" does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{interface} does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                         interface_mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
 
                                     interface.mode = interface_mode
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.OUT = True
 
                                     if interface_mode == Interface.Interface.MODE_ACCESS_POINT:
-                                        RNS.log(str(interface)+" does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{interface} does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                         interface_mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
 
                                     interface.mode = interface_mode
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.OUT = True
 
                                     if interface_mode == Interface.Interface.MODE_ACCESS_POINT:
-                                        RNS.log(str(interface)+" does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{interface} does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                         interface_mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
 
                                     interface.mode = interface_mode
@@ -1029,17 +1029,17 @@ class Reticulum:
 
                                     # if no subinterfaces are defined
                                     if count == 0:
-                                        raise ValueError("No subinterfaces configured for "+name)
+                                        raise ValueError(f"No subinterfaces configured for {name}")
                                     # if no subinterfaces are enabled
                                     elif enabled_count == 0:
-                                        raise ValueError("No subinterfaces enabled for "+name)
+                                        raise ValueError(f"No subinterfaces enabled for {name}")
 
                                     id_interval = int(c["id_interval"]) if "id_interval" in c else None
                                     id_callsign = c["id_callsign"] if "id_callsign" in c else None
                                     port = c["port"] if "port" in c else None
 
                                     if port == None:
-                                        raise ValueError("No port specified for "+name)
+                                        raise ValueError(f"No port specified for {name}")
 
                                     interface = RNodeMultiInterface.RNodeMultiInterface(
                                         RNS.Transport,
@@ -1106,14 +1106,14 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.start()
 
                             else:
-                                RNS.log("Skipping disabled interface \""+name+"\"", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Skipping disabled interface \"{name}\"", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("The interface \""+name+"\" could not be created. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The interface \"{name}\" could not be created. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             RNS.panic()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("The interface name \""+name+"\" was already used. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The interface name \"{name}\" was already used. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         RNS.panic()
 
             RNS.log("System interfaces are ready", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
@@ -1181,27 +1181,27 @@ class Reticulum:
         for filename in os.listdir(self.resourcepath):
             try:
                 if len(filename) == (RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8)*2:
-                    filepath = self.resourcepath + "/" + filename
+                    filepath = f"{self.resourcepath}/{filename}"
                     mtime = os.path.getmtime(filepath)
                     age = now - mtime
                     if age > Reticulum.RESOURCE_CACHE:
                         os.unlink(filepath)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         # Clean packet caches
         for filename in os.listdir(self.cachepath):
             try:
                 if len(filename) == (RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8)*2:
-                    filepath = self.cachepath + "/" + filename
+                    filepath = f"{self.cachepath}/{filename}"
                     mtime = os.path.getmtime(filepath)
                     age = now - mtime
                     if age > RNS.Transport.DESTINATION_TIMEOUT:
                         os.unlink(filepath)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def __create_default_config(self):
         self.config = ConfigObj(__default_rns_config__)
@@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                 rpc_connection.close()
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("An error ocurred while handling RPC call from local client: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while handling RPC call from local client: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def get_interface_stats(self):
         if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ class Reticulum:
 
                 if hasattr(interface, "b32"):
                     if interface.b32 != None:
-                        ifstats["i2p_b32"] = interface.b32+".b32.i2p"
+                        ifstats["i2p_b32"] = f"{interface.b32}.b32.i2p"
                     else:
                         ifstats["i2p_b32"] = None
 
@@ -1485,12 +1485,12 @@ class Reticulum:
 
                 if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance and hasattr(self, "_force_shared_instance_bitrate") and self._force_shared_instance_bitrate:
                     simulated_latency = ((1/self._force_shared_instance_bitrate)*8)*RNS.Reticulum.MTU
-                    RNS.log("Adding simulated latency of "+RNS.prettytime(simulated_latency)+" to first hop timeout", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Adding simulated latency of {RNS.prettytime(simulated_latency)} to first hop timeout", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     response += simulated_latency
 
                 return response
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("An error occurred while getting first hop timeout from shared instance: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"An error occurred while getting first hop timeout from shared instance: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 return RNS.Reticulum.DEFAULT_PER_HOP_TIMEOUT
 
         else:

RNS/Transport.py

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class Transport:
         Transport.owner = reticulum_instance
 
         if Transport.identity == None:
-            transport_identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/transport_identity"
+            transport_identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/transport_identity"
             if os.path.isfile(transport_identity_path):
                 Transport.identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(transport_identity_path)
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class Transport:
             else:
                 RNS.log("Loaded Transport Identity from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
-        packet_hashlist_path = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/packet_hashlist"
+        packet_hashlist_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/packet_hashlist"
         if not Transport.owner.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
             if os.path.isfile(packet_hashlist_path):
                 try:
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class Transport:
                     Transport.packet_hashlist = umsgpack.unpackb(file.read())
                     file.close()
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not load packet hashlist from storage, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not load packet hashlist from storage, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         # Create transport-specific destinations
         Transport.path_request_destination = RNS.Destination(None, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.PLAIN, Transport.APP_NAME, "path", "request")
@@ -186,15 +186,15 @@ class Transport:
             Transport.remote_management_destination.register_request_handler("/path", response_generator = Transport.remote_path_handler, allow = RNS.Destination.ALLOW_LIST, allowed_list=Transport.remote_management_allowed)
             Transport.control_destinations.append(Transport.remote_management_destination)
             Transport.control_hashes.append(Transport.remote_management_destination.hash)
-            RNS.log("Enabled remote management on "+str(Transport.remote_management_destination), RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
+            RNS.log(f"Enabled remote management on {Transport.remote_management_destination}", RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
 
         Transport.jobs_running = False
         thread = threading.Thread(target=Transport.jobloop, daemon=True)
         thread.start()
 
         if RNS.Reticulum.transport_enabled():
-            destination_table_path = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/destination_table"
+            destination_table_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/destination_table"
-            tunnel_table_path = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/tunnels"
+            tunnel_table_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/tunnels"
 
             if os.path.isfile(destination_table_path) and not Transport.owner.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
                 serialised_destinations = []
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ class Transport:
                                 # increased hop-count.
                                 announce_packet.hops += 1
                                 Transport.destination_table[destination_hash] = [timestamp, received_from, hops, expires, random_blobs, receiving_interface, announce_packet]
-                                RNS.log("Loaded path table entry for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" from storage", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Loaded path table entry for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} from storage", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             else:
-                                RNS.log("Could not reconstruct path table entry from storage for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Could not reconstruct path table entry from storage for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 if announce_packet == None:
                                     RNS.log("The announce packet could not be loaded from cache", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 if receiving_interface == None:
@@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ class Transport:
                     else:
                         specifier = "entries"
 
-                    RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(Transport.destination_table))+" path table "+specifier+" from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                    RNS.log(f"Loaded {len(Transport.destination_table)} path table {specifier} from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not load destination table from storage, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not load destination table from storage, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if os.path.isfile(tunnel_table_path) and not Transport.owner.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
                 serialised_tunnels = []
@@ -284,21 +284,21 @@ class Transport:
                     else:
                         specifier = "entries"
 
-                    RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(Transport.tunnels))+" tunnel table "+specifier+" from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                    RNS.log(f"Loaded {len(Transport.tunnels)} tunnel table {specifier} from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not load tunnel table from storage, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not load tunnel table from storage, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.probe_destination_enabled():
                 Transport.probe_destination = RNS.Destination(Transport.identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, Transport.APP_NAME, "probe")
                 Transport.probe_destination.accepts_links(False)
                 Transport.probe_destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
                 Transport.probe_destination.announce()
-                RNS.log("Transport Instance will respond to probe requests on "+str(Transport.probe_destination), RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
+                RNS.log(f"Transport Instance will respond to probe requests on {Transport.probe_destination}", RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
             else:
                 Transport.probe_destination = None
 
-            RNS.log("Transport instance "+str(Transport.identity)+" started", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"Transport instance {Transport.identity} started", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
             Transport.start_time = time.time()
 
         # Sort interfaces according to bitrate
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class Transport:
                                         last_path_request = Transport.path_requests[link.destination.hash]
 
                                     if time.time() - last_path_request > Transport.PATH_REQUEST_MI:
-                                        RNS.log("Trying to rediscover path for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link.destination.hash)+" since an attempted link was never established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Trying to rediscover path for {RNS.prettyhexrep(link.destination.hash)} since an attempted link was never established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                         if not link.destination.hash in path_requests:
                                             blocked_if = None
                                             path_requests[link.destination.hash] = blocked_if
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class Transport:
                     for destination_hash in Transport.announce_table:
                         announce_entry = Transport.announce_table[destination_hash]
                         if announce_entry[2] > Transport.PATHFINDER_R:
-                            RNS.log("Completed announce processing for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+", retry limit reached", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Completed announce processing for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}, retry limit reached", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                             completed_announces.append(destination_hash)
                         else:
                             if time.time() > announce_entry[1]:
@@ -420,9 +420,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                                 new_packet.hops = announce_entry[4]
                                 if block_rebroadcasts:
-                                    RNS.log("Rebroadcasting announce as path response for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(announce_destination.hash)+" with hop count "+str(new_packet.hops), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Rebroadcasting announce as path response for {RNS.prettyhexrep(announce_destination.hash)} with hop count {new_packet.hops}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 else:
-                                    RNS.log("Rebroadcasting announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(announce_destination.hash)+" with hop count "+str(new_packet.hops), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Rebroadcasting announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(announce_destination.hash)} with hop count {new_packet.hops}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                                 outgoing.append(new_packet)
 
@@ -490,14 +490,14 @@ class Transport:
                                 # If the path has been invalidated between the time of
                                 # making the link request and now, try to rediscover it
                                 if not Transport.has_path(link_entry[6]):
-                                    RNS.log("Trying to rediscover path for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])+" since an attempted link was never established, and path is now missing", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Trying to rediscover path for {RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])} since an attempted link was never established, and path is now missing", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     path_request_conditions =True
 
                                 # If this link request was originated from a local client
                                 # attempt to rediscover a path to the destination, if this
                                 # has not already happened recently.
                                 elif not path_request_throttle and lr_taken_hops == 0:
-                                    RNS.log("Trying to rediscover path for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])+" since an attempted local client link was never established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Trying to rediscover path for {RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])} since an attempted local client link was never established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     path_request_conditions = True
 
                                 # If the link destination was previously only 1 hop
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ class Transport:
                                 # In that case, try to discover a new path, and mark
                                 # the old one as unresponsive.
                                 elif not path_request_throttle and Transport.hops_to(link_entry[6]) == 1:
-                                    RNS.log("Trying to rediscover path for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])+" since an attempted link was never established, and destination was previously local to an interface on this instance", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Trying to rediscover path for {RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])} since an attempted link was never established, and destination was previously local to an interface on this instance", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     path_request_conditions = True
                                     blocked_if = link_entry[4]
 
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ class Transport:
                                 # changed. In that case, we try to discover a new path,
                                 # and mark the old one as potentially unresponsive.
                                 elif not path_request_throttle and lr_taken_hops == 1:
-                                    RNS.log("Trying to rediscover path for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])+" since an attempted link was never established, and link initiator is local to an interface on this instance", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Trying to rediscover path for {RNS.prettyhexrep(link_entry[6])} since an attempted link was never established, and link initiator is local to an interface on this instance", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     path_request_conditions = True
                                     blocked_if = link_entry[4]
 
@@ -561,10 +561,10 @@ class Transport:
 
                         if time.time() > destination_expiry:
                             stale_paths.append(destination_hash)
-                            RNS.log("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif not attached_interface in Transport.interfaces:
                             stale_paths.append(destination_hash)
-                            RNS.log("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" was removed since the attached interface no longer exists", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} was removed since the attached interface no longer exists", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                     # Cull the pending discovery path requests table
                     stale_discovery_path_requests = []
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ class Transport:
 
                         if time.time() > entry["timeout"]:
                             stale_discovery_path_requests.append(destination_hash)
-                            RNS.log("Waiting path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Waiting path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                     # Cull the tunnel table
                     stale_tunnels = []
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ class Transport:
                         expires = tunnel_entry[3]
                         if time.time() > expires:
                             stale_tunnels.append(tunnel_id)
-                            RNS.log("Tunnel "+RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id)+" timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Tunnel {RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id)} timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
                             stale_tunnel_paths = []
                             tunnel_paths = tunnel_entry[2]
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ class Transport:
 
                                 if time.time() > tunnel_path_entry[0] + Transport.DESTINATION_TIMEOUT:
                                     stale_tunnel_paths.append(tunnel_path)
-                                    RNS.log("Tunnel path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_path)+" timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Tunnel path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_path)} timed out and was removed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                             for tunnel_path in stale_tunnel_paths:
                                 tunnel_paths.pop(tunnel_path)
@@ -602,9 +602,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                     if ti > 0:
                         if ti == 1:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(ti)+" tunnel path", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {ti} tunnel path", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(ti)+" tunnel paths", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {ti} tunnel paths", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     i = 0
                     for truncated_packet_hash in stale_reverse_entries:
@@ -613,9 +613,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                     if i > 0:
                         if i == 1:
-                            RNS.log("Released "+str(i)+" reverse table entry", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Released {i} reverse table entry", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Released "+str(i)+" reverse table entries", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Released {i} reverse table entries", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     i = 0
                     for link_id in stale_links:
@@ -624,9 +624,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                     if i > 0:
                         if i == 1:
-                            RNS.log("Released "+str(i)+" link", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Released {i} link", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Released "+str(i)+" links", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Released {i} links", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     i = 0
                     for destination_hash in stale_paths:
@@ -635,9 +635,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                     if i > 0:
                         if i == 1:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" path", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} path", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" paths", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} paths", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     i = 0
                     for destination_hash in stale_discovery_path_requests:
@@ -646,9 +646,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                     if i > 0:
                         if i == 1:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" waiting path request", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} waiting path request", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" waiting path requests", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} waiting path requests", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     i = 0
                     for tunnel_id in stale_tunnels:
@@ -657,9 +657,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                     if i > 0:
                         if i == 1:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" tunnel", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} tunnel", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" tunnels", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} tunnels", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     i = 0
                     for destination_hash in stale_path_states:
@@ -668,9 +668,9 @@ class Transport:
 
                     if i > 0:
                         if i == 1:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" path state entry", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} path state entry", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Removed "+str(i)+" path state entries", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Removed {i} path state entries", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     Transport.tables_last_culled = time.time()
 
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ class Transport:
 
         except Exception as e:
             RNS.log("An exception occurred while running Transport jobs.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         Transport.jobs_running = False
 
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ class Transport:
                 interface.processOutgoing(raw)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while transmitting on "+str(interface)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while transmitting on {interface}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     @staticmethod
     def outbound(packet):
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ class Transport:
                     if packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE:
                         if packet.attached_interface == None:
                             if interface.mode == RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.MODE_ACCESS_POINT:
-                                RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" due to AP mode", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} due to AP mode", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                 should_transmit = False
 
                             elif interface.mode == RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.MODE_ROAMING:
@@ -870,15 +870,15 @@ class Transport:
                                     if from_interface == None or not hasattr(from_interface, "mode"):
                                         should_transmit = False
                                         if from_interface == None:
-                                            RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" since next hop interface doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} since next hop interface doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                         elif not hasattr(from_interface, "mode"):
-                                            RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" since next hop interface has no mode configured", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} since next hop interface has no mode configured", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                     else:
                                         if from_interface.mode == RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.MODE_ROAMING:
-                                            RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" due to roaming-mode next-hop interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} due to roaming-mode next-hop interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                             should_transmit = False
                                         elif from_interface.mode == RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.MODE_BOUNDARY:
-                                            RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" due to boundary-mode next-hop interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} due to boundary-mode next-hop interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                             should_transmit = False
 
                             elif interface.mode == RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.MODE_BOUNDARY:
@@ -891,12 +891,12 @@ class Transport:
                                     if from_interface == None or not hasattr(from_interface, "mode"):
                                         should_transmit = False
                                         if from_interface == None:
-                                            RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" since next hop interface doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} since next hop interface doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                         elif not hasattr(from_interface, "mode"):
-                                            RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" since next hop interface has no mode configured", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} since next hop interface has no mode configured", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                     else:
                                         if from_interface.mode == RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.MODE_ROAMING:
-                                            RNS.log("Blocking announce broadcast on "+str(interface)+" due to roaming-mode next-hop interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Blocking announce broadcast on {interface} due to roaming-mode next-hop interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                             should_transmit = False
 
                             else:
@@ -959,23 +959,23 @@ class Transport:
                                                     timer.start()
 
                                                     if wait_time < 1:
-                                                        wait_time_str = str(round(wait_time*1000,2))+"ms"
+                                                        wait_time_str = f"{round(wait_time * 1000, 2)}ms"
                                                     else:
-                                                        wait_time_str = str(round(wait_time*1,2))+"s"
+                                                        wait_time_str = f"{round(wait_time * 1, 2)}s"
 
                                                     ql_str = str(len(interface.announce_queue))
-                                                    RNS.log("Added announce to queue (height "+ql_str+") on "+str(interface)+" for processing in "+wait_time_str, RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                                    RNS.log(f"Added announce to queue (height {ql_str}) on {interface} for processing in {wait_time_str}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                                                 else:
                                                     wait_time = max(interface.announce_allowed_at - time.time(), 0)
 
                                                     if wait_time < 1:
-                                                        wait_time_str = str(round(wait_time*1000,2))+"ms"
+                                                        wait_time_str = f"{round(wait_time * 1000, 2)}ms"
                                                     else:
-                                                        wait_time_str = str(round(wait_time*1,2))+"s"
+                                                        wait_time_str = f"{round(wait_time * 1, 2)}s"
 
                                                     ql_str = str(len(interface.announce_queue))
-                                                    RNS.log("Added announce to queue (height "+ql_str+") on "+str(interface)+" for processing in "+wait_time_str, RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                                    RNS.log(f"Added announce to queue (height {ql_str}) on {interface} for processing in {wait_time_str}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                                         else:
                                             pass
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ class Transport:
         # Filter packets intended for other transport instances
         if packet.transport_id != None and packet.packet_type != RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE:
             if packet.transport_id != Transport.identity.hash:
-                RNS.log("Ignored packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.packet_hash)+" in transport for other transport instance", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                RNS.log(f"Ignored packet {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.packet_hash)} in transport for other transport instance", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 return False
 
         if packet.context == RNS.Packet.KEEPALIVE:
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ class Transport:
         if packet.destination_type == RNS.Destination.PLAIN:
             if packet.packet_type != RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE:
                 if packet.hops > 1:
-                    RNS.log("Dropped PLAIN packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.hash)+" with "+str(packet.hops)+" hops", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Dropped PLAIN packet {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.hash)} with {packet.hops} hops", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     return False
                 else:
                     return True
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ class Transport:
         if packet.destination_type == RNS.Destination.GROUP:
             if packet.packet_type != RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE:
                 if packet.hops > 1:
-                    RNS.log("Dropped GROUP packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.hash)+" with "+str(packet.hops)+" hops", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Dropped GROUP packet {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.hash)} with {packet.hops} hops", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     return False
                 else:
                     return True
@@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ class Transport:
                     RNS.log("Dropped invalid announce packet", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     return False
 
-        RNS.log("Filtered packet with hash "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.packet_hash), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+        RNS.log(f"Filtered packet with hash {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.packet_hash)}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
         return False
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1316,7 +1316,7 @@ class Transport:
                             # TODO: There should probably be some kind of REJECT
                             # mechanism here, to signal to the source that their
                             # expected path failed.
-                            RNS.log("Got packet in transport, but no known path to final destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+". Dropping packet.", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Got packet in transport, but no known path to final destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)}. Dropping packet.", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                 # Link transport handling. Directs packets according
                 # to entries in the link tables
@@ -1391,17 +1391,17 @@ class Transport:
                             announce_entry = Transport.announce_table[packet.destination_hash]
 
                             if packet.hops-1 == announce_entry[4]:
-                                RNS.log("Heard a local rebroadcast of announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Heard a local rebroadcast of announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 announce_entry[6] += 1
                                 if announce_entry[6] >= Transport.LOCAL_REBROADCASTS_MAX:
-                                    RNS.log("Max local rebroadcasts of announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" reached, dropping announce from our table", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Max local rebroadcasts of announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} reached, dropping announce from our table", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     if packet.destination_hash in Transport.announce_table:
                                         Transport.announce_table.pop(packet.destination_hash)
 
                             if packet.hops-1 == announce_entry[4]+1 and announce_entry[2] > 0:
                                 now = time.time()
                                 if now < announce_entry[1]:
-                                    RNS.log("Rebroadcasted announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" has been passed on to another node, no further tries needed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Rebroadcasted announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} has been passed on to another node, no further tries needed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     Transport.announce_table.pop(packet.destination_hash)
 
                     else:
@@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ class Transport:
                                     if not random_blob in random_blobs:
                                         # TODO: Check that this ^ approach actually
                                         # works under all circumstances
-                                        RNS.log("Replacing destination table entry for "+str(RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash))+" with new announce due to expired path", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Replacing destination table entry for {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} with new announce due to expired path", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                         Transport.mark_path_unknown_state(packet.destination_hash)
                                         should_add = True
                                     else:
@@ -1469,7 +1469,7 @@ class Transport:
                                     # this announce before, update the path table.
                                     if (announce_emitted > path_announce_emitted):
                                         if not random_blob in random_blobs:
-                                            RNS.log("Replacing destination table entry for "+str(RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash))+" with new announce, since it was more recently emitted", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Replacing destination table entry for {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} with new announce, since it was more recently emitted", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                             Transport.mark_path_unknown_state(packet.destination_hash)
                                             should_add = True
                                         else:
@@ -1481,7 +1481,7 @@ class Transport:
                                     # allow updating the path table to this one.
                                     elif announce_emitted == path_announce_emitted:
                                         if Transport.path_is_unresponsive(packet.destination_hash):
-                                            RNS.log("Replacing destination table entry for "+str(RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash))+" with new announce, since previously tried path was unresponsive", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Replacing destination table entry for {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} with new announce, since previously tried path was unresponsive", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                             should_add = True
                                         else:
                                             should_add = False
@@ -1551,7 +1551,7 @@ class Transport:
                                 # Insert announce into announce table for retransmission
 
                                 if rate_blocked:
-                                    RNS.log("Blocking rebroadcast of announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" due to excessive announce rate", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Blocking rebroadcast of announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} due to excessive announce rate", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                                 else:
                                     if Transport.from_local_client(packet):
@@ -1648,9 +1648,9 @@ class Transport:
                                 pr_entry = Transport.discovery_path_requests[packet.destination_hash]
                                 attached_interface = pr_entry["requesting_interface"]
 
-                                interface_str = " on "+str(attached_interface)
+                                interface_str = f" on {attached_interface}"
 
-                                RNS.log("Got matching announce, answering waiting discovery path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+interface_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Got matching announce, answering waiting discovery path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)}{interface_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 announce_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(packet.destination_hash)
                                 announce_destination = RNS.Destination(announce_identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, "unknown", "unknown");
                                 announce_destination.hash = packet.destination_hash
@@ -1675,7 +1675,7 @@ class Transport:
 
                             destination_table_entry = [now, received_from, announce_hops, expires, random_blobs, packet.receiving_interface, packet]
                             Transport.destination_table[packet.destination_hash] = destination_table_entry
-                            RNS.log("Destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" is now "+str(announce_hops)+" hops away via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(received_from)+" on "+str(packet.receiving_interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} is now {announce_hops} hops away via {RNS.prettyhexrep(received_from)} on {packet.receiving_interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                             # If the receiving interface is a tunnel, we add the
                             # announce to the tunnels table
@@ -1685,7 +1685,7 @@ class Transport:
                                 paths[packet.destination_hash] = destination_table_entry
                                 expires = time.time() + Transport.DESTINATION_TIMEOUT
                                 tunnel_entry[3] = expires
-                                RNS.log("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" associated with tunnel "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.receiving_interface.tunnel_id), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} associated with tunnel {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.receiving_interface.tunnel_id)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                             # Call externally registered callbacks from apps
                             # wanting to know when an announce arrives
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ class Transport:
                                         )
                                 except Exception as e:
                                     RNS.log("Error while processing external announce callback.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                     RNS.trace_exception(e)
 
             # Handling for link requests to local destinations
@@ -1764,7 +1764,7 @@ class Transport:
                                         if destination.callbacks.proof_requested(packet):
                                             packet.prove()
                                     except Exception as e:
-                                        RNS.log("Error while executing proof request callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing proof request callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             # Handling for proofs and link-request proofs
             elif packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.PROOF:
@@ -1785,7 +1785,7 @@ class Transport:
                                         signature = packet.data[:RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
 
                                         if peer_identity.validate(signature, signed_data):
-                                            RNS.log("Link request proof validated for transport via "+str(link_entry[4]), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Link request proof validated for transport via {link_entry[4]}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                                             new_raw = packet.raw[0:1]
                                             new_raw += struct.pack("!B", packet.hops)
                                             new_raw += packet.raw[2:]
@@ -1793,10 +1793,10 @@ class Transport:
                                             Transport.transmit(link_entry[4], new_raw)
 
                                         else:
-                                            RNS.log("Invalid link request proof in transport for link "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+", dropping proof.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Invalid link request proof in transport for link {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)}, dropping proof.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                                 except Exception as e:
-                                    RNS.log("Error while transporting link request proof. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Error while transporting link request proof. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                             else:
                                 RNS.log("Link request proof received on wrong interface, not transporting it.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
@@ -1845,7 +1845,7 @@ class Transport:
                     if (RNS.Reticulum.transport_enabled() or from_local_client or proof_for_local_client) and packet.destination_hash in Transport.reverse_table:
                         reverse_entry = Transport.reverse_table.pop(packet.destination_hash)
                         if packet.receiving_interface == reverse_entry[1]:
-                            RNS.log("Proof received on correct interface, transporting it via "+str(reverse_entry[0]), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Proof received on correct interface, transporting it via {reverse_entry[0]}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                             new_raw = packet.raw[0:1]
                             new_raw += struct.pack("!B", packet.hops)
                             new_raw += packet.raw[2:]
@@ -1913,19 +1913,19 @@ class Transport:
 
         except Exception as e:
             RNS.log("An error occurred while validating tunnel establishment packet.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     @staticmethod
     def handle_tunnel(tunnel_id, interface):
         expires = time.time() + Transport.DESTINATION_TIMEOUT
         if not tunnel_id in Transport.tunnels:
-            RNS.log("Tunnel endpoint "+RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id)+" established.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Tunnel endpoint {RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id)} established.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             paths = {}
             tunnel_entry = [tunnel_id, interface, paths, expires]
             interface.tunnel_id = tunnel_id
             Transport.tunnels[tunnel_id] = tunnel_entry
         else:
-            RNS.log("Tunnel endpoint "+RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id)+" reappeared. Restoring paths...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Tunnel endpoint {RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id)} reappeared. Restoring paths...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             tunnel_entry = Transport.tunnels[tunnel_id]
             tunnel_entry[1] = interface
             tunnel_entry[3] = expires
@@ -1950,21 +1950,21 @@ class Transport:
                     if announce_hops <= old_hops or time.time() > old_expires:
                         should_add = True
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Did not restore path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" because a newer path with fewer hops exist", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Did not restore path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} because a newer path with fewer hops exist", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 else:
                     if time.time() < expires:
                         should_add = True
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Did not restore path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" because it has expired", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Did not restore path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} because it has expired", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 if should_add:
                     Transport.destination_table[destination_hash] = new_entry
-                    RNS.log("Restored path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)+" is now "+str(announce_hops)+" hops away via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(received_from)+" on "+str(receiving_interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Restored path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash)} is now {announce_hops} hops away via {RNS.prettyhexrep(received_from)} on {receiving_interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 else:
                     deprecated_paths.append(destination_hash)
 
             for deprecated_path in deprecated_paths:
-                RNS.log("Removing path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(deprecated_path)+" from tunnel "+RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Removing path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(deprecated_path)} from tunnel {RNS.prettyhexrep(tunnel_id)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 paths.pop(deprecated_path)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1988,7 +1988,7 @@ class Transport:
 
     @staticmethod
     def register_link(link):
-        RNS.log("Registering link "+str(link), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+        RNS.log(f"Registering link {link}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
         if link.initiator:
             Transport.pending_links.append(link)
         else:
@@ -1996,10 +1996,10 @@ class Transport:
 
     @staticmethod
     def activate_link(link):
-        RNS.log("Activating link "+str(link), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+        RNS.log(f"Activating link {link}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
         if link in Transport.pending_links:
             if link.status != RNS.Link.ACTIVE:
-                raise IOError("Invalid link state for link activation: "+str(link.status))
+                raise OSError(f"Invalid link state for link activation: {link.status}")
             Transport.pending_links.remove(link)
             Transport.active_links.append(link)
             link.status = RNS.Link.ACTIVE
@@ -2061,18 +2061,18 @@ class Transport:
                 if packet.receiving_interface != None:
                     interface_reference = str(packet.receiving_interface)
 
-                file = open(RNS.Reticulum.cachepath+"/"+packet_hash, "wb")  
+                file = open(f"{RNS.Reticulum.cachepath}/{packet_hash}", "wb")
                 file.write(umsgpack.packb([packet.raw, interface_reference]))
                 file.close()
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error writing packet to cache. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error writing packet to cache. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_cached_packet(packet_hash):
         try:
             packet_hash = RNS.hexrep(packet_hash, delimit=False)
-            path = RNS.Reticulum.cachepath+"/"+packet_hash
+            path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.cachepath}/{packet_hash}"
 
             if os.path.isfile(path):
                 file = open(path, "rb")
@@ -2091,7 +2091,7 @@ class Transport:
                 return None
         except Exception as e:
             RNS.log("Exception occurred while getting cached packet.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     @staticmethod
     def cache_request_packet(packet):
@@ -2281,12 +2281,12 @@ class Transport:
 
             queued_announces = True if len(on_interface.announce_queue) > 0 else False
             if queued_announces:
-                RNS.log("Blocking recursive path request on "+str(on_interface)+" due to queued announces", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                RNS.log(f"Blocking recursive path request on {on_interface} due to queued announces", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 return
             else:
                 now = time.time()
                 if now < on_interface.announce_allowed_at:
-                    RNS.log("Blocking recursive path request on "+str(on_interface)+" due to active announce cap", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"Blocking recursive path request on {on_interface} due to active announce cap", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                     return
                 else:
                     tx_time   = ((len(path_request_data)+RNS.Reticulum.HEADER_MINSIZE)*8) / on_interface.bitrate
@@ -2310,8 +2310,8 @@ class Transport:
                     return response
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("An error occurred while processing remote status request from "+str(remote_identity), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"An error occurred while processing remote status request from {remote_identity}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             return None
 
@@ -2346,8 +2346,8 @@ class Transport:
                     return response
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("An error occurred while processing remote status request from "+str(remote_identity), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"An error occurred while processing remote status request from {remote_identity}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             return None
 
@@ -2393,13 +2393,13 @@ class Transport:
                         )
 
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Ignoring duplicate path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" with tag "+RNS.prettyhexrep(unique_tag), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Ignoring duplicate path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} with tag {RNS.prettyhexrep(unique_tag)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Ignoring tagless path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Ignoring tagless path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while handling path request. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while handling path request. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     @staticmethod
     def path_request(destination_hash, is_from_local_client, attached_interface, requestor_transport_id=None, tag=None):
@@ -2409,11 +2409,11 @@ class Transport:
             if RNS.Reticulum.transport_enabled() and attached_interface.mode in RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.DISCOVER_PATHS_FOR:
                 should_search_for_unknown = True
 
-            interface_str = " on "+str(attached_interface)
+            interface_str = f" on {attached_interface}"
         else:
             interface_str = ""
 
-        RNS.log("Path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+interface_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+        RNS.log(f"Path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{interface_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
         destination_exists_on_local_client = False
         if len(Transport.local_client_interfaces) > 0:
@@ -2427,7 +2427,7 @@ class Transport:
         local_destination = next((d for d in Transport.destinations if d.hash == destination_hash), None)
         if local_destination != None:
             local_destination.announce(path_response=True, tag=tag, attached_interface=attached_interface)
-            RNS.log("Answering path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+interface_str+", destination is local to this system", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Answering path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{interface_str}, destination is local to this system", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
         elif (RNS.Reticulum.transport_enabled() or is_from_local_client) and (destination_hash in Transport.destination_table):
             packet = Transport.destination_table[destination_hash][6]
@@ -2445,9 +2445,9 @@ class Transport:
                     # inefficient. There is probably a better way. Doing
                     # path invalidation here would decrease the network
                     # convergence time. Maybe just drop it?
-                    RNS.log("Not answering path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+interface_str+", since next hop is the requestor", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Not answering path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{interface_str}, since next hop is the requestor", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Answering path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+interface_str+", path is known", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Answering path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{interface_str}, path is known", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                     now = time.time()
                     retries = Transport.PATHFINDER_R
@@ -2459,7 +2459,7 @@ class Transport:
                         retransmit_timeout = now
                     else:
                         if Transport.is_local_client_interface(Transport.next_hop_interface(destination_hash)):
-                            RNS.log("Path request destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" is on a local client interface, rebroadcasting immediately", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Path request destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} is on a local client interface, rebroadcasting immediately", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                             retransmit_timeout = now
 
                         else:
@@ -2486,7 +2486,7 @@ class Transport:
         elif is_from_local_client:
             # Forward path request on all interfaces
             # except the local client
-            RNS.log("Forwarding path request from local client for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+interface_str+" to all other interfaces", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Forwarding path request from local client for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{interface_str} to all other interfaces", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             request_tag = RNS.Identity.get_random_hash()
             for interface in Transport.interfaces:
                 if not interface == attached_interface:
@@ -2494,11 +2494,11 @@ class Transport:
 
         elif should_search_for_unknown:
             if destination_hash in Transport.discovery_path_requests:
-                RNS.log("There is already a waiting path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" on behalf of path request"+interface_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"There is already a waiting path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} on behalf of path request{interface_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             else:
                 # Forward path request on all interfaces
                 # except the requestor interface
-                RNS.log("Attempting to discover unknown path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" on behalf of path request"+interface_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to discover unknown path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} on behalf of path request{interface_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 pr_entry = { "destination_hash": destination_hash, "timeout": time.time()+Transport.PATH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT, "requesting_interface": attached_interface }
                 Transport.discovery_path_requests[destination_hash] = pr_entry
 
@@ -2511,12 +2511,12 @@ class Transport:
         elif not is_from_local_client and len(Transport.local_client_interfaces) > 0:
             # Forward the path request on all local
             # client interfaces
-            RNS.log("Forwarding path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+interface_str+" to local clients", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Forwarding path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{interface_str} to local clients", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             for interface in Transport.local_client_interfaces:
                 Transport.request_path(destination_hash, on_interface=interface)
 
         else:
-            RNS.log("Ignoring path request for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+interface_str+", no path known", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Ignoring path request for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{interface_str}, no path known", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_local_client(packet):
@@ -2568,7 +2568,7 @@ class Transport:
             try:
                 interface.detach()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("An error occurred while detaching "+str(interface)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"An error occurred while detaching {interface}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     @staticmethod
     def shared_connection_disappeared():
@@ -2604,10 +2604,10 @@ class Transport:
                     if na == 1:
                         na_str = "1 announce"
                     else:
-                        na_str = str(na)+" announces"
+                        na_str = f"{na} announces"
 
                     interface.announce_queue = []
-                    RNS.log("Dropped "+na_str+" on "+str(interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                    RNS.log(f"Dropped {na_str} on {interface}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -2640,20 +2640,20 @@ class Transport:
                 else:
                     RNS.log("Saving packet hashlist to storage...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
-                packet_hashlist_path = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/packet_hashlist"
+                packet_hashlist_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/packet_hashlist"
                 file = open(packet_hashlist_path, "wb")
                 file.write(umsgpack.packb(Transport.packet_hashlist))
                 file.close()
 
                 save_time = time.time() - save_start
                 if save_time < 1:
-                    time_str = str(round(save_time*1000,2))+"ms"
+                    time_str = f"{round(save_time * 1000, 2)}ms"
                 else:
-                    time_str = str(round(save_time,2))+"s"
+                    time_str = f"{round(save_time, 2)}s"
-                RNS.log("Saved packet hashlist in "+time_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Saved packet hashlist in {time_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Could not save packet hashlist to storage, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Could not save packet hashlist to storage, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             Transport.saving_packet_hashlist = False
 
@@ -2710,20 +2710,20 @@ class Transport:
 
                         Transport.cache(de[6], force_cache=True)
 
-                destination_table_path = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/destination_table"
+                destination_table_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/destination_table"
                 file = open(destination_table_path, "wb")
                 file.write(umsgpack.packb(serialised_destinations))
                 file.close()
 
                 save_time = time.time() - save_start
                 if save_time < 1:
-                    time_str = str(round(save_time*1000,2))+"ms"
+                    time_str = f"{round(save_time * 1000, 2)}ms"
                 else:
-                    time_str = str(round(save_time,2))+"s"
+                    time_str = f"{round(save_time, 2)}s"
-                RNS.log("Saved "+str(len(serialised_destinations))+" path table entries in "+time_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Saved {len(serialised_destinations)} path table entries in {time_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Could not save path table to storage, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Could not save path table to storage, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             Transport.saving_path_table = False
 
@@ -2788,19 +2788,19 @@ class Transport:
                     serialised_tunnel = [tunnel_id, interface_hash, serialised_paths, expires]
                     serialised_tunnels.append(serialised_tunnel)
 
-                tunnels_path = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/tunnels"
+                tunnels_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/tunnels"
                 file = open(tunnels_path, "wb")
                 file.write(umsgpack.packb(serialised_tunnels))
                 file.close()
 
                 save_time = time.time() - save_start
                 if save_time < 1:
-                    time_str = str(round(save_time*1000,2))+"ms"
+                    time_str = f"{round(save_time * 1000, 2)}ms"
                 else:
-                    time_str = str(round(save_time,2))+"s"
+                    time_str = f"{round(save_time, 2)}s"
-                RNS.log("Saved "+str(len(serialised_tunnels))+" tunnel table entries in "+time_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Saved {len(serialised_tunnels)} tunnel table entries in {time_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Could not save tunnel table to storage, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Could not save tunnel table to storage, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             Transport.saving_tunnel_table = False
 

RNS/Utilities/__init__.py

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
 import os
 import glob
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Utilities/rncp.py

@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
 
     if jail != None:
         fetch_jail = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(jail))
-        RNS.log("Restricting fetch requests to paths under \""+fetch_jail+"\"", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Restricting fetch requests to paths under \"{fetch_jail}\"", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
-    identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+    identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
 
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
     destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "receive")
 
     if display_identity:
-        print("Identity     : "+str(identity))
+        print(f"Identity     : {identity}")
-        print("Listening on : "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        print(f"Listening on : {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
         exit(0)
 
     if disable_auth:
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
         try:
             allowed_file_name = "allowed_identities"
             allowed_file = None
-            if os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser("/etc/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)):
+            if os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(f"/etc/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")):
-                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser("/etc/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)
+                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser(f"/etc/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")
-            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser("~/.config/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)):
+            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(f"~/.config/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")):
-                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser("~/.config/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)
+                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser(f"~/.config/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")
-            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser("~/.rncp/"+allowed_file_name)):
+            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(f"~/.rncp/{allowed_file_name}")):
-                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser("~/.rncp/"+allowed_file_name)
+                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser(f"~/.rncp/{allowed_file_name}")
             if allowed_file != None:
-                af = open(allowed_file, "r")
+                af = open(allowed_file)
                 al = af.read().replace("\r", "").split("\n")
                 ali = []
                 for a in al:
@@ -103,16 +103,16 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
                 else:
                     ms = "ies"
 
-                RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(ali))+" allowed identit"+ms+" from "+str(allowed_file), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Loaded {len(ali)} allowed identit{ms} from {allowed_file}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while parsing allowed_identities file. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while parsing allowed_identities file. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         if allowed != None:
             for a in allowed:
                 try:
                     if len(a) != dest_len:
-                        raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                        raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                     try:
                         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(a)
                         allowed_identity_hashes.append(destination_hash)
@@ -141,11 +141,11 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
                 target_link = link
 
         if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
-            RNS.log("Client-requested file not found: "+str(file_path), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"Client-requested file not found: {file_path}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
             return False
         else:
             if target_link != None:
-                RNS.log("Sending file "+str(file_path)+" to client", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Sending file {file_path} to client", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 temp_file = TemporaryFile()
                 real_file = open(file_path, "rb")
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
 
     destination.set_link_established_callback(client_link_established)
     destination.register_request_handler("fetch_file", response_generator=fetch_request, allow=RNS.Destination.ALLOW_LIST, allowed_list=allowed_identity_hashes)
-    print("rncp listening on "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    print(f"rncp listening on {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
     if announce >= 0:
         def job():
@@ -220,15 +220,15 @@ def receive_resource_callback(resource):
 
 def receive_resource_started(resource):
     if resource.link.get_remote_identity():
-        id_str = " from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.link.get_remote_identity().hash)
+        id_str = f" from {RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.link.get_remote_identity().hash)}"
     else:
         id_str = ""
 
-    print("Starting resource transfer "+RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)+id_str)
+    print(f"Starting resource transfer {RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)}{id_str}")
 
 def receive_resource_concluded(resource):
     if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-        print(str(resource)+" completed")
+        print(f"{resource} completed")
 
         if resource.total_size > 4:
             filename_len = int.from_bytes(resource.data.read(2), "big")
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ def receive_resource_concluded(resource):
             saved_filename = filename
             while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
                 counter += 1
-                saved_filename = filename+"."+str(counter)
+                saved_filename = f"{filename}.{counter}"
 
             file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
             file.write(resource.data.read())
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -296,11 +296,11 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
 
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, loglevel=targetloglevel)
 
-    identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+    identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
         if identity == None:
-            RNS.log("Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \""+str(identity_path)+"\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \"{identity_path}\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             exit(2)
     else:
         identity = None
@@ -313,9 +313,9 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
         if silent:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested")
         else:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     i = 0
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print("Establishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Establishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+"  ", end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}  ', end=" ")
 
     listener_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
     listener_destination = RNS.Destination(
@@ -353,15 +353,15 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     while link.status != RNS.Link.ACTIVE and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         if silent:
-            print("Could not establish link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Could not establish link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rCould not establish link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rCould not establish link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}')
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
                 saved_filename = filename
                 while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
                     counter += 1
-                    saved_filename = filename+"."+str(counter)
+                    saved_filename = f"{filename}.{counter}"
 
                 file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
                 file.write(resource.data.read())
@@ -437,19 +437,19 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     while not request_resolved:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
     if request_status == "fetch_not_allowed":
         if not silent: print("\r                                                            \r", end="")
-        print("Fetch request failed, fetching the file "+str(file)+" was not allowed by the remote")
+        print(f"Fetch request failed, fetching the file {file} was not allowed by the remote")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.15)
         exit(0)
     elif request_status == "not_found":
         if not silent: print("\r                                                            \r", end="")
-        print("Fetch request failed, the file "+str(file)+" was not found on the remote")
+        print(f"Fetch request failed, the file {file} was not found on the remote")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.15)
         exit(0)
@@ -474,13 +474,13 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
             if current_resource:
                 prg = current_resource.get_progress()
                 percent = round(prg * 100.0, 1)
-                stat_str = str(percent)+"% - " + size_str(int(prg*current_resource.total_size)) + " of " + size_str(current_resource.total_size) + " - " +size_str(speed, "b")+"ps"
+                stat_str = f"{percent}% - {size_str(int(prg * current_resource.total_size))} of {size_str(current_resource.total_size)} - {size_str(speed, 'b')}ps"
                 if prg != 1.0:
-                    print("\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file "+syms[i]+" "+stat_str, end=" ")
+                    print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file {syms[i]} {stat_str}', end=" ")
                 else:
-                    print("\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  "+stat_str, end=" ")
+                    print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  {stat_str}', end=" ")
             else:
-                print("\r                                                                                  \rWaiting for transfer to start "+syms[i]+" ", end=" ")
+                print(f'\r                                                                                  \rWaiting for transfer to start {syms[i]} ', end=" ")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -492,10 +492,10 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print(str(file)+" fetched from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"{file} fetched from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
             #print("\r                                                                                  \r"+str(file)+" fetched from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
-            print("\n"+str(file)+" fetched from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"\n{file} fetched from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.15)
         exit(0)
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -547,11 +547,11 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
 
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, loglevel=targetloglevel)
 
-    identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+    identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
         if identity == None:
-            RNS.log("Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \""+str(identity_path)+"\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \"{identity_path}\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             exit(2)
     else:
         identity = None
@@ -564,9 +564,9 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
         if silent:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested")
         else:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     i = 0
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -587,9 +587,9 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print("Establishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Establishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" ", end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} ', end=" ")
 
     receiver_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
     receiver_destination = RNS.Destination(
@@ -604,21 +604,21 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     while link.status != RNS.Link.ACTIVE and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
     if time.time() > estab_timeout:
         if silent:
-            print("Link establishment with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" timed out")
+            print(f"Link establishment with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} timed out")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rLink establishment with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" timed out")
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rLink establishment with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} timed out')
         exit(1)
     elif not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         if silent:
-            print("No path found to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"No path found to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rNo path found to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rNo path found to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}')
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
@@ -633,16 +633,16 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     while resource.status < RNS.Resource.TRANSFERRING:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
 
     if resource.status > RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
         if silent:
-            print("File was not accepted by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"File was not accepted by {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rFile was not accepted by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rFile was not accepted by {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}')
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
@@ -654,11 +654,11 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
         time.sleep(0.1)
         prg = current_resource.get_progress()
         percent = round(prg * 100.0, 1)
-        stat_str = str(percent)+"% - " + size_str(int(prg*current_resource.total_size)) + " of " + size_str(current_resource.total_size) + " - " +size_str(speed, "b")+"ps"
+        stat_str = f"{percent}% - {size_str(int(prg * current_resource.total_size))} of {size_str(current_resource.total_size)} - {size_str(speed, 'b')}ps"
         if not done:
-            print("\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file "+syms[i]+" "+stat_str, end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file {syms[i]} {stat_str}', end=" ")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  "+stat_str, end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  {stat_str}', end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
         return i
@@ -678,10 +678,10 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print(str(file_path)+" copied to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"{file_path} copied to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
             # print("\r                                                                                  \r"+str(file_path)+" copied to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
-            print("\n"+str(file_path)+" copied to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"\n{file_path} copied to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.25)
         real_file.close()
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument('-p', '--print-identity', action='store_true', default=False, help="print identity and destination info and exit")
         parser.add_argument("-w", action="store", metavar="seconds", type=float, help="sender timeout before giving up", default=RNS.Transport.PATH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT)
         # parser.add_argument("--limit", action="store", metavar="files", type=float, help="maximum number of files to accept", default=None)
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rncp {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rncp {__version__}")
 
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -777,12 +777,12 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

RNS/Utilities/rnid.py

@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ def spin(until=None, msg=None, timeout=None):
     if timeout != None:
         timeout = time.time()+timeout
 
-    print(msg+"  ", end=" ")
+    print(f"{msg}  ", end=" ")
     while (timeout == None or time.time()<timeout) and not until():
         time.sleep(0.1)
-        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
-    print("\r"+" "*len(msg)+"  \r", end="")
+    print(f"\r{' ' * len(msg)}  \r", end="")
 
     if timeout != None and time.time() > timeout:
         return False
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument("-b", "--base64", action="store_true", default=False, help="Use base64-encoded input and output")
         parser.add_argument("-B", "--base32", action="store_true", default=False, help="Use base32-encoded input and output")
 
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnid {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnid {__version__}")
 
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -124,30 +124,30 @@ def main():
                 else:
                     identity_bytes = bytes.fromhex(args.import_str)
             except Exception as e:
-                print("Invalid identity data specified for import: "+str(e))
+                print(f"Invalid identity data specified for import: {e}")
                 exit(41)
 
             try:
                 identity = RNS.Identity.from_bytes(identity_bytes)
             except Exception as e:
-                print("Could not create Reticulum identity from specified data: "+str(e))
+                print(f"Could not create Reticulum identity from specified data: {e}")
                 exit(42)
 
             RNS.log("Identity imported")
             if args.base64:
-                RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
             elif args.base32:
-                RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
             else:
-                RNS.log("Public Key  : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False))
+                RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False)}")
             if identity.prv:
                 if args.print_private:
                     if args.base64:
-                        RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     elif args.base32:
-                        RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Private Key : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False))
+                        RNS.log(f"Private Key : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False)}")
                 else:
                     RNS.log("Private Key : Hidden")
 
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ def main():
                     wp = os.path.expanduser(args.write)
                     if not os.path.isfile(wp) or args.force:
                         identity.to_file(wp)
-                        RNS.log("Wrote imported identity to "+str(args.write))
+                        RNS.log(f"Wrote imported identity to {args.write}")
                     else:
-                        print("File "+str(wp)+" already exists, not overwriting")
+                        print(f"File {wp} already exists, not overwriting")
                         exit(43)
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    print("Error while writing imported identity to file: "+str(e))
+                    print(f"Error while writing imported identity to file: {e}")
                     exit(44)
 
             exit(0)
@@ -189,16 +189,16 @@ def main():
             if args.generate:
                 identity = RNS.Identity()
                 if not args.force and os.path.isfile(args.generate):
-                    RNS.log("Identity file "+str(args.generate)+" already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Identity file {args.generate} already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     exit(3)
                 else:
                     try:
                         identity.to_file(args.generate)
-                        RNS.log("New identity written to "+str(args.generate))
+                        RNS.log(f"New identity written to {args.generate}")
                         exit(0)
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while saving the generated Identity.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(4)
 
             identity = None
@@ -210,24 +210,24 @@ def main():
 
                     if identity == None:
                         if not args.request:
-                            RNS.log("Could not recall Identity for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+".", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Could not recall Identity for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             RNS.log("You can query the network for unknown Identities with the -R option.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             exit(5)
                         else:
                             RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
                             def spincheck():
                                 return RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash) != None
-                            spin(spincheck, "Requesting unknown Identity for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), args.t)
+                            spin(spincheck, f"Requesting unknown Identity for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}", args.t)
 
                             if not spincheck():
                                 RNS.log("Identity request timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 exit(6)
                             else:
                                 identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
-                                RNS.log("Received Identity "+str(identity)+" for destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" from the network")
+                                RNS.log(f"Received Identity {identity} for destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} from the network")
 
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Recalled Identity "+str(identity)+" for destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+                        RNS.log(f"Recalled Identity {identity} for destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
 
 
                 except Exception as e:
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def main():
                 else:
                     try:
                         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_str)
-                        RNS.log("Loaded Identity "+str(identity)+" from "+str(identity_str))
+                        RNS.log(f"Loaded Identity {identity} from {identity_str}")
 
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("Could not decode Identity from specified file")
@@ -261,15 +261,15 @@ def main():
                             aspects = aspects[1:]
                             if identity.pub != None:
                                 destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, app_name, *aspects)
-                                RNS.log("The "+str(args.hash)+" destination for this Identity is "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+                                RNS.log(f"The {args.hash} destination for this Identity is {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
-                                RNS.log("The full destination specifier is "+str(destination))
+                                RNS.log(f"The full destination specifier is {destination}")
                                 time.sleep(0.25)
                                 exit(0)
                             else:
                                 raise KeyError("No public key known")
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while attempting to send the announce.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     exit(0)
 
@@ -284,39 +284,39 @@ def main():
                             aspects = aspects[1:]
                             if identity.prv != None:
                                 destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, app_name, *aspects)
-                                RNS.log("Created destination "+str(destination))
+                                RNS.log(f"Created destination {destination}")
-                                RNS.log("Announcing destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+                                RNS.log(f"Announcing destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
                                 destination.announce()
                                 time.sleep(0.25)
                                 exit(0)
                             else:
                                 destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, app_name, *aspects)
-                                RNS.log("The "+str(args.announce)+" destination for this Identity is "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+                                RNS.log(f"The {args.announce} destination for this Identity is {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
-                                RNS.log("The full destination specifier is "+str(destination))
+                                RNS.log(f"The full destination specifier is {destination}")
                                 RNS.log("Cannot announce this destination, since the private key is not held")
                                 time.sleep(0.25)
                                 exit(33)
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while attempting to send the announce.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     exit(0)
 
                 if args.print_identity:
                     if args.base64:
-                        RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     elif args.base32:
-                        RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Public Key  : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False))
+                        RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False)}")
                     if identity.prv:
                         if args.print_private:
                             if args.base64:
-                                RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             elif args.base32:
-                                RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             else:
-                                RNS.log("Private Key : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False))
+                                RNS.log(f"Private Key : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False)}")
                         else:
                             RNS.log("Private Key : Hidden")
                     exit(0)
@@ -324,11 +324,11 @@ def main():
                 if args.export:
                     if identity.prv:
                             if args.base64:
-                                RNS.log("Exported Identity : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Exported Identity : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             elif args.base32:
-                                RNS.log("Exported Identity : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Exported Identity : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             else:
-                                RNS.log("Exported Identity : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False))
+                                RNS.log(f"Exported Identity : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False)}")
                     else:
                         RNS.log("Identity doesn't hold a private key, cannot export")
                         exit(50)
@@ -336,28 +336,28 @@ def main():
                     exit(0)
 
                 if args.validate:
-                    if not args.read and args.validate.lower().endswith("."+SIG_EXT):
+                    if not args.read and args.validate.lower().endswith(f".{SIG_EXT}"):
-                        args.read = str(args.validate).replace("."+SIG_EXT, "")
+                        args.read = str(args.validate).replace(f".{SIG_EXT}", "")
 
                     if not os.path.isfile(args.validate):
-                        RNS.log("Signature file "+str(args.read)+" not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Signature file {args.read} not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(10)
 
                     if not os.path.isfile(args.read):
-                        RNS.log("Input file "+str(args.read)+" not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Input file {args.read} not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(11)
 
                 data_input = None
                 if args.read:
                     if not os.path.isfile(args.read):
-                        RNS.log("Input file "+str(args.read)+" not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Input file {args.read} not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(12)
                     else:
                         try:
                             data_input = open(args.read, "rb")
                         except Exception as e:
                             RNS.log("Could not open input file for reading", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             exit(13)
 
                 # TODO: Actually expand this to a good solution
@@ -368,28 +368,28 @@ def main():
 
                 data_output = None
                 if args.encrypt and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read:
-                    args.write = str(args.read)+"."+ENCRYPT_EXT
+                    args.write = f"{args.read}.{ENCRYPT_EXT}"
 
-                if args.decrypt and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read and args.read.lower().endswith("."+ENCRYPT_EXT):
+                if args.decrypt and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read and args.read.lower().endswith(f".{ENCRYPT_EXT}"):
-                    args.write = str(args.read).replace("."+ENCRYPT_EXT, "")
+                    args.write = str(args.read).replace(f".{ENCRYPT_EXT}", "")
 
                 if args.sign and identity.prv == None:
                     RNS.log("Specified Identity does not hold a private key. Cannot sign.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     exit(14)
 
                 if args.sign and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read:
-                    args.write = str(args.read)+"."+SIG_EXT
+                    args.write = f"{args.read}.{SIG_EXT}"
 
                 if args.write:
                     if not args.force and os.path.isfile(args.write):
-                        RNS.log("Output file "+str(args.write)+" already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Output file {args.write} already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(15)
                     else:
                         try:
                             data_output = open(args.write, "wb")
                         except Exception as e:
                             RNS.log("Could not open output file for writing", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             exit(15)
 
                 # TODO: Actually expand this to a good solution
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ def main():
                             exit(18)
 
                         if not args.stdout:
-                            RNS.log("Signing "+str(args.read))
+                            RNS.log(f"Signing {args.read}")
 
                         try:
                             data_output.write(identity.sign(data_input.read()))
@@ -423,13 +423,13 @@ def main():
 
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 if args.read:
-                                    RNS.log("File "+str(args.read)+" signed with "+str(identity)+" to "+str(args.write))
+                                    RNS.log(f"File {args.read} signed with {identity} to {args.write}")
                                     exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while encrypting data.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:
@@ -453,8 +453,8 @@ def main():
                             try:
                                 sig_input = open(args.validate, "rb")
                             except Exception as e:
-                                RNS.log("An error ocurred while opening "+str(args.validate)+".", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while opening {args.validate}.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 exit(21)
 
 
@@ -464,17 +464,17 @@ def main():
 
                             if not validated:
                                 if not args.stdout:
-                                    RNS.log("Signature "+str(args.validate)+" for file "+str(args.read)+" is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Signature {args.validate} for file {args.read} is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 exit(22)
                             else:
                                 if not args.stdout:
-                                    RNS.log("Signature "+str(args.validate)+" for file "+str(args.read)+" made by Identity "+str(identity)+" is valid")
+                                    RNS.log(f"Signature {args.validate} for file {args.read} made by Identity {identity} is valid")
                                 exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while validating signature.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ def main():
                             exit(25)
 
                         if not args.stdout:
-                            RNS.log("Encrypting "+str(args.read))
+                            RNS.log(f"Encrypting {args.read}")
 
                         try:
                             more_data = True
@@ -511,13 +511,13 @@ def main():
                             data_input.close()
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 if args.read:
-                                    RNS.log("File "+str(args.read)+" encrypted for "+str(identity)+" to "+str(args.write))
+                                    RNS.log(f"File {args.read} encrypted for {identity} to {args.write}")
                                     exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while encrypting data.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ def main():
                             exit(29)
 
                         if not args.stdout:
-                            RNS.log("Decrypting "+str(args.read)+"...")
+                            RNS.log(f"Decrypting {args.read}...")
 
                         try:
                             more_data = True
@@ -564,13 +564,13 @@ def main():
                             data_input.close()
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 if args.read:
-                                    RNS.log("File "+str(args.read)+" decrypted with "+str(identity)+" to "+str(args.write))
+                                    RNS.log(f"File {args.read} decrypted with {identity} to {args.write}")
                                     exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while decrypting data.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:

RNS/Utilities/rnir.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
         parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='count', default=0)
         parser.add_argument("--exampleconfig", action='store_true', default=False, help="print verbose configuration example to stdout and exit")
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="ir {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"ir {__version__}")
 
         args = parser.parse_args()
 

RNS/Utilities/rnpath.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def connect_remote(destination_hash, auth_identity, timeout, no_output = False):
     global remote_link, reticulum
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         if not no_output:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested", end=" ")
             sys.stdout.flush()
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
         pr_time = time.time()
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(remote) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 identity_hash = bytes.fromhex(remote)
                 remote_hash = RNS.Destination.hash_from_name_and_identity("rnstransport.remote.management", identity_hash)
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
 
             identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(os.path.expanduser(management_identity))
             if identity == None:
-                raise ValueError("Could not load management identity from "+str(management_identity))
+                raise ValueError(f"Could not load management identity from {management_identity}")
 
             try:
                 connect_remote(remote_hash, identity, remote_timeout, no_output)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             try:
                 dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                 if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                    raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                    raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                 try:
                     destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
                 except Exception as e:
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
                         m_str = " "
                     else:
                         m_str = "s"
-                    print(RNS.prettyhexrep(path["hash"])+" is "+str(path["hops"])+" hop"+m_str+" away via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(path["via"])+" on "+path["interface"]+" expires "+RNS.timestamp_str(path["expires"]))
+                    print(f"{RNS.prettyhexrep(path['hash'])} is {path['hops']} hop{m_str} away via {RNS.prettyhexrep(path['via'])} on {path['interface']} expires {RNS.timestamp_str(path['expires'])}")
 
             if destination_hash != None and displayed == 0:
                 print("No path known")
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             try:
                 dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                 if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                    raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                    raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                 try:
                     destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
                 except Exception as e:
@@ -242,21 +242,21 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
                                 else:
                                     s_str = "s"
 
-                                rv_str = ", "+str(entry["rate_violations"])+" active rate violation"+s_str
+                                rv_str = f", {entry['rate_violations']} active rate violation{s_str}"
                             else:
                                 rv_str = ""
 
                             if entry["blocked_until"] > time.time():
                                 bli = time.time()-(int(entry["blocked_until"])-time.time())
-                                bl_str = ", new announces allowed in "+pretty_date(int(bli))
+                                bl_str = f", new announces allowed in {pretty_date(int(bli))}"
                             else:
                                 bl_str = ""
 
 
-                            print(RNS.prettyhexrep(entry["hash"])+" last heard "+last_str+" ago, "+str(hour_rate)+" announces/hour in the last "+span_str+rv_str+bl_str)
+                            print(f"{RNS.prettyhexrep(entry['hash'])} last heard {last_str} ago, {hour_rate} announces/hour in the last {span_str}{rv_str}{bl_str}")
 
                         except Exception as e:
-                            print("Error while processing entry for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(entry["hash"]))
+                            print(f"Error while processing entry for {RNS.prettyhexrep(entry['hash'])}")
                             print(str(e))
 
                 if destination_hash != None and displayed == 0:
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
             except Exception as e:
@@ -293,9 +293,9 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             sys.exit(1)
 
         if reticulum.drop_path(destination_hash):
-            print("Dropped path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Dropped path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("Unable to drop path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+". Does it exist?")
+            print(f"Unable to drop path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}. Does it exist?")
             sys.exit(1)
 
     elif drop_via:
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
             except Exception as e:
@@ -318,9 +318,9 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             sys.exit(1)
 
         if reticulum.drop_all_via(destination_hash):
-            print("Dropped all paths via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Dropped all paths via {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("Unable to drop paths via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+". Does the transport instance exist?")
+            print(f"Unable to drop paths via {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}. Does the transport instance exist?")
             sys.exit(1)
 
     else:
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
             except Exception as e:
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
 
         if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
             RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
         i = 0
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         limit = time.time()+timeout
         while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and time.time()<limit:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
                 else:
                     ms = ""
 
-                print("\rPath found, destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" is "+str(hops)+" hop"+ms+" away via "+next_hop+" on "+next_hop_interface)
+                print(f'\rPath found, destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} is {hops} hop{ms} away via {next_hop} on {next_hop_interface}')
         else:
             print("\r                                                       \rPath not found")
             sys.exit(1)
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument(
             "--version",
             action="version",
-            version="rnpath {version}".format(version=__version__)
+            version=f"rnpath {__version__}"
         )
 
         parser.add_argument(
@@ -547,26 +547,26 @@ def pretty_date(time=False):
         return ''
     if day_diff == 0:
         if second_diff < 10:
-            return str(second_diff) + " seconds"
+            return f"{second_diff} seconds"
         if second_diff < 60:
-            return str(second_diff) + " seconds"
+            return f"{second_diff} seconds"
         if second_diff < 120:
             return "1 minute"
         if second_diff < 3600:
-            return str(int(second_diff / 60)) + " minutes"
+            return f"{int(second_diff / 60)} minutes"
         if second_diff < 7200:
             return "an hour"
         if second_diff < 86400:
-            return str(int(second_diff / 3600)) + " hours"
+            return f"{int(second_diff / 3600)} hours"
     if day_diff == 1:
         return "1 day"
     if day_diff < 7:
-        return str(day_diff) + " days"
+        return f"{day_diff} days"
     if day_diff < 31:
-        return str(int(day_diff / 7)) + " weeks"
+        return f"{int(day_diff / 7)} weeks"
     if day_diff < 365:
-        return str(int(day_diff / 30)) + " months"
+        return f"{int(day_diff / 30)} months"
-    return str(int(day_diff / 365)) + " years"
+    return f"{int(day_diff / 365)} years"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

RNS/Utilities/rnprobe.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
 
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
-        print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+        print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     _timeout = time.time() + (timeout or DEFAULT_TIMEOUT+reticulum.get_first_hop_timeout(destination_hash))
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
     syms = "⢄⢂⢁⡁⡈⡐⡠"
     while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and not time.time() > _timeout:
         time.sleep(0.1)
-        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
             probe = RNS.Packet(request_destination, os.urandom(size))
             probe.pack()
         except OSError:
-            print("Error: Probe packet size of "+str(len(probe.raw))+" bytes exceed MTU of "+str(RNS.Reticulum.MTU)+" bytes")
+            print(f"Error: Probe packet size of {len(probe.raw)} bytes exceed MTU of {RNS.Reticulum.MTU} bytes")
             exit(3)
 
         receipt = probe.send()
@@ -115,19 +115,19 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
 
         if more_output:
             nhd = reticulum.get_next_hop(destination_hash)
-            via_str = " via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(nhd) if nhd != None else ""
+            via_str = f" via {RNS.prettyhexrep(nhd)}" if nhd != None else ""
-            if_str  = " on "+str(reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash)) if reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash) != "None" else ""
+            if_str  = f" on {reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash)}" if reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash) != "None" else ""
             more = via_str+if_str
         else:
             more = ""
 
-        print("\rSent probe "+str(sent)+" ("+str(size)+" bytes) to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+more+"  ", end=" ")
+        print(f'\rSent probe {sent} ({size} bytes) to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{more}  ', end=" ")
 
         _timeout = time.time() + (timeout or DEFAULT_TIMEOUT+reticulum.get_first_hop_timeout(destination_hash))
         i = 0
         while receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.SENT and not time.time() > _timeout:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
                 rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
                 if (rtt >= 1):
                     rtt = round(rtt, 3)
-                    rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+                    rttstring = f"{rtt} seconds"
                 else:
                     rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
-                    rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+                    rttstring = f"{rtt} milliseconds"
 
                 reception_stats = ""
                 if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -161,28 +161,24 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
                     reception_q    = reticulum.get_packet_q(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
 
                     if reception_rssi != None:
-                        reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+                        reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
 
                     if reception_snr != None:
-                        reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+                        reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dB]"
 
                     if reception_q != None:
-                        reception_stats += " [Link Quality "+str(reception_q)+"%]"
+                        reception_stats += f" [Link Quality {reception_q}%]"
 
                 else:
                     if receipt.proof_packet != None:
                         if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
-                            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+                            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {receipt.proof_packet.rssi} dBm]"
 
                         if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
-                            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+                            reception_stats += f" [SNR {receipt.proof_packet.snr} dB]"
 
                 print(
-                    "Valid reply from "+
+                    f"Valid reply from {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)}\nRound-trip time is {rttstring} over {hops} hop{ms}{reception_stats}\n"
-                    RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
-                    "\nRound-trip time is "+rttstring+
-                    " over "+str(hops)+" hop"+ms+
-                    reception_stats+"\n"
                 )
 
             else:
@@ -207,7 +203,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument("-n", "--probes", action="store", default=1, help="number of probes to send", type=int)
         parser.add_argument("-t", "--timeout", metavar="seconds", action="store", default=None, help="timeout before giving up", type=float)
         parser.add_argument("-w", "--wait", metavar="seconds", action="store", default=0, help="time between each probe", type=float)
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnprobe {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnprobe {__version__}")
         parser.add_argument("full_name", nargs="?", default=None, help="full destination name in dotted notation", type=str)
         parser.add_argument("destination_hash", nargs="?", default=None, help="hexadecimal hash of the destination", type=str)
 

RNS/Utilities/rnsd.py

@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ def program_setup(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, service = False):
 
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, verbosity=targetverbosity, logdest=targetlogdest)
     if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
-        RNS.log("Started rnsd version {version} connected to another shared local instance, this is probably NOT what you want!".format(version=__version__), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+        RNS.log(f"Started rnsd version {__version__} connected to another shared local instance, this is probably NOT what you want!", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
     else:
-        RNS.log("Started rnsd version {version}".format(version=__version__), RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
+        RNS.log(f"Started rnsd version {__version__}", RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
 
     while True:
         time.sleep(1)
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='count', default=0)
         parser.add_argument('-s', '--service', action='store_true', default=False, help="rnsd is running as a service and should log to file")
         parser.add_argument("--exampleconfig", action='store_true', default=False, help="print verbose configuration example to stdout and exit")
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnsd {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnsd {__version__}")
 
         args = parser.parse_args()
 

RNS/Utilities/rnstatus.py

@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 request_result = None
 request_concluded = False
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(remote) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 identity_hash = bytes.fromhex(remote)
                 destination_hash = RNS.Destination.hash_from_name_and_identity("rnstransport.remote.management", identity_hash)
@@ -281,13 +281,13 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                         if "ifac_netname" in ifstat and ifstat["ifac_netname"] != None:
                             print("    Network   : {nn}".format(nn=ifstat["ifac_netname"]))
 
-                        print("    Status    : {ss}".format(ss=ss))
+                        print(f"    Status    : {ss}")
 
                         if clients != None and clients_string != "":
                             print("    "+clients_string)
 
                         if not (name.startswith("Shared Instance[") or name.startswith("TCPInterface[Client") or name.startswith("LocalInterface[")):
-                            print("    Mode      : {mode}".format(mode=modestr))
+                            print(f"    Mode      : {modestr}")
 
                         if "bitrate" in ifstat and ifstat["bitrate"] != None:
                             print("    Rate      : {ss}".format(ss=speed_str(ifstat["bitrate"])))
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                         if "battery_percent" in ifstat and ifstat["battery_percent"] != None:
                             try:
                                 bpi = int(ifstat["battery_percent"])
-                                print("    Battery   : {bp}%".format(bp=bpi))
+                                print(f"    Battery   : {bpi}%")
                             except:
                                 pass
 
@@ -488,10 +488,10 @@ def speed_str(num, suffix='bps'):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
-            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:3.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

RNS/Utilities/rnx.py

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ allowed_identity_hashes = []
 def prepare_identity(identity_path):
     global identity
     if identity_path == None:
-        identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+        identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
 
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ def listen(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed
     destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "execute")
 
     if print_identity:
-        print("Identity     : "+str(identity))
+        print(f"Identity     : {identity}")
-        print("Listening on : "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        print(f"Listening on : {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
         exit(0)
 
     if disable_auth:
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def listen(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed
                 try:
                     dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                     if len(a) != dest_len:
-                        raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                        raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                     try:
                         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(a)
                         allowed_identity_hashes.append(destination_hash)
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def listen(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed
             allow = RNS.Destination.ALLOW_ALL,
         )
 
-    RNS.log("rnx listening for commands on "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    RNS.log(f"rnx listening for commands on {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
     if not disable_announce:
         destination.announce()
@@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ def listen(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed
 def command_link_established(link):
     link.set_remote_identified_callback(initiator_identified)
     link.set_link_closed_callback(command_link_closed)
-    RNS.log("Command link "+str(link)+" established")
+    RNS.log(f"Command link {link} established")
 
 def command_link_closed(link):
-    RNS.log("Command link "+str(link)+" closed")
+    RNS.log(f"Command link {link} closed")
 
 def initiator_identified(link, identity):
     global allow_all
-    RNS.log("Initiator of link "+str(link)+" identified as "+RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash))
+    RNS.log(f"Initiator of link {link} identified as {RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash)}")
     if not allow_all and not identity.hash in allowed_identity_hashes:
-        RNS.log("Identity "+RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash)+" not allowed, tearing down link")
+        RNS.log(f"Identity {RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash)} not allowed, tearing down link")
         link.teardown()
 
 def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_at):
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_
     stdin   = data[4]                  # Data passed to stdin
 
     if remote_identity != None:
-        RNS.log("Executing command ["+command+"] for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Executing command [{command}] for {RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash)}")
     else:
-        RNS.log("Executing command ["+command+"] for unknown requestor")
+        RNS.log(f"Executing command [{command}] for unknown requestor")
 
     result    = [
         False,                         # 0: Command was executed
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_
             pass
 
         if timeout != None and time.time() > result[6]+timeout:
-            RNS.log("Command ["+command+"] timed out and is being killed...")
+            RNS.log(f"Command [{command}] timed out and is being killed...")
             process.terminate()
             process.wait()
             if process.poll() != None:
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_
         return result
 
     if remote_identity != None:
-        RNS.log("Delivering result of command ["+str(command)+"] to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Delivering result of command [{command}] to {RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash)}")
     else:
-        RNS.log("Delivering result of command ["+str(command)+"] to unknown requestor")
+        RNS.log(f"Delivering result of command [{command}] to unknown requestor")
 
     return result
 
@@ -231,14 +231,14 @@ def spin(until=None, msg=None, timeout=None):
     if timeout != None:
         timeout = time.time()+timeout
 
-    print(msg+"  ", end=" ")
+    print(f"{msg}  ", end=" ")
     while (timeout == None or time.time()<timeout) and not until():
         time.sleep(0.1)
-        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
-    print("\r"+" "*len(msg)+"  \r", end="")
+    print(f"\r{' ' * len(msg)}  \r", end="")
 
     if timeout != None and time.time() > timeout:
         return False
@@ -259,8 +259,8 @@ def spin_stat(until=None, timeout=None):
         time.sleep(0.1)
         prg = current_progress
         percent = round(prg * 100.0, 1)
-        stat_str = str(percent)+"% - " + size_str(int(prg*response_transfer_size)) + " of " + size_str(response_transfer_size) + " - " +size_str(speed, "b")+"ps"
+        stat_str = f"{percent}% - {size_str(int(prg * response_transfer_size))} of {size_str(response_transfer_size)} - {size_str(speed, 'b')}ps"
-        print("\r                                                                                  \rReceiving result "+syms[i]+" "+stat_str, end=" ")
+        print(f'\r                                                                                  \rReceiving result {syms[i]} {stat_str}', end=" ")
 
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
 
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
-        if not spin(until=lambda: RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash), msg="Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested", timeout=timeout):
+        if not spin(until=lambda: RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash), msg=f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested", timeout=timeout):
             print("Path not found")
             exit(242)
 
@@ -339,8 +339,8 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
         link = RNS.Link(listener_destination)
         link.did_identify = False
 
-    if not spin(until=lambda: link.status == RNS.Link.ACTIVE, msg="Establishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), timeout=timeout):
+    if not spin(until=lambda: link.status == RNS.Link.ACTIVE, msg=f"Establishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}", timeout=timeout):
-        print("Could not establish link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+        print(f"Could not establish link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         exit(243)
 
     if not noid and not link.did_identify:
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
                 print("\n--- End of remote output, rnx done ---")
                 if started != None and concluded != None:
                     cmd_duration = round(concluded - started, 3)
-                    print("Remote command execution took "+str(cmd_duration)+" seconds")
+                    print(f"Remote command execution took {cmd_duration} seconds")
 
                     total_size = request_receipt.response_size
                     if request_receipt.request_size != None:
@@ -453,27 +453,27 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
                     if transfer_duration == 1:
                         tdstr = " in 1 second"
                     elif transfer_duration < 10:
-                        tdstr = " in "+str(transfer_duration)+" seconds"
+                        tdstr = f" in {transfer_duration} seconds"
                     else:
-                        tdstr = " in "+pretty_time(transfer_duration)
+                        tdstr = f" in {pretty_time(transfer_duration)}"
 
-                    spdstr = ", effective rate "+size_str(total_size/transfer_duration, "b")+"ps"
+                    spdstr = f", effective rate {size_str(total_size / transfer_duration, 'b')}ps"
 
-                    print("Transferred "+size_str(total_size)+tdstr+spdstr)
+                    print(f"Transferred {size_str(total_size)}{tdstr}{spdstr}")
 
                 if outlen != None and stdout != None:
                     if len(stdout) < outlen:
-                        tstr = ", "+str(len(stdout))+" bytes displayed"
+                        tstr = f", {len(stdout)} bytes displayed"
                     else:
                         tstr = ""
-                    print("Remote wrote "+str(outlen)+" bytes to stdout"+tstr)
+                    print(f"Remote wrote {outlen} bytes to stdout{tstr}")
 
                 if errlen != None and stderr != None:
                     if len(stderr) < errlen:
-                        tstr = ", "+str(len(stderr))+" bytes displayed"
+                        tstr = f", {len(stderr)} bytes displayed"
                     else:
                         tstr = ""
-                    print("Remote wrote "+str(errlen)+" bytes to stderr"+tstr)
+                    print(f"Remote wrote {errlen} bytes to stderr{tstr}")
 
             else:
                 if stdout != None and len(stdout) > 0:
@@ -487,9 +487,9 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
                     sys.stderr.flush()
                     print("\nOutput truncated before being returned:")
                     if len(stdout) != 0 and len(stdout) < outlen:
-                        print("  stdout truncated to "+str(len(stdout))+" bytes")
+                        print(f"  stdout truncated to {len(stdout)} bytes")
                     if len(stderr) != 0 and len(stderr) < errlen:
-                        print("  stderr truncated to "+str(len(stderr))+" bytes")
+                        print(f"  stderr truncated to {len(stderr)} bytes")
         else:
             print("Remote could not execute command")
             if interactive:
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument("--stdin", action='store', default=None, help="pass input to stdin", type=str)
         parser.add_argument("--stdout", action='store', default=None, help="max size in bytes of returned stdout", type=int)
         parser.add_argument("--stderr", action='store', default=None, help="max size in bytes of returned stderr", type=int)
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnx {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnx {__version__}")
 
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ def main():
             while True:
                 try:
                     cstr = str(code) if code and code != 0 else ""
-                    prompt = cstr+"> "
+                    prompt = f"{cstr}> "
                     print(prompt,end="")
 
                     # cmdbuf = b""
@@ -661,12 +661,12 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def pretty_time(time, verbose=False):
     days = int(time // (24 * 3600))
@@ -684,16 +684,16 @@ def pretty_time(time, verbose=False):
 
     components = []
     if days > 0:
-        components.append(str(days)+" day"+sd if verbose else str(days)+"d")
+        components.append(f"{days} day{sd}" if verbose else f"{days}d")
 
     if hours > 0:
-        components.append(str(hours)+" hour"+sh if verbose else str(hours)+"h")
+        components.append(f"{hours} hour{sh}" if verbose else f"{hours}h")
 
     if minutes > 0:
-        components.append(str(minutes)+" minute"+sm if verbose else str(minutes)+"m")
+        components.append(f"{minutes} minute{sm}" if verbose else f"{minutes}m")
 
     if seconds > 0:
-        components.append(str(seconds)+" second"+ss if verbose else str(seconds)+"s")
+        components.append(f"{seconds} second{ss}" if verbose else f"{seconds}s")
 
     i = 0
     tstr = ""

RNS/__init__.py

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def rand():
 def trace_exception(e):
     import traceback
     exception_info = "".join(traceback.TracebackException.from_exception(e).format())
-    log(f"An unhandled {str(type(e))} exception occurred: {str(e)}", LOG_ERROR)
+    log(f"An unhandled {type(e)} exception occurred: {e}", LOG_ERROR)
     log(exception_info, LOG_ERROR)
 
 def hexrep(data, delimit=True):
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ def hexrep(data, delimit=True):
     delimiter = ":"
     if not delimit:
         delimiter = ""
-    hexrep = delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)
+    hexrep = delimiter.join(f"{c:02x}" for c in data)
     return hexrep
 
 def prettyhexrep(data):
     delimiter = ""
-    hexrep = "<"+delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)+">"
+    hexrep = "<"+delimiter.join(f"{c:02x}" for c in data)+">"
     return hexrep
 
 def prettyspeed(num, suffix="b"):
@@ -182,12 +182,12 @@ def prettysize(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def prettyfrequency(hz, suffix="Hz"):
     num = hz*1e6
@@ -196,10 +196,10 @@ def prettyfrequency(hz, suffix="Hz"):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
-            return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def prettydistance(m, suffix="m"):
     num = m*1e6
@@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ def prettydistance(m, suffix="m"):
         if unit == "c": divisor = 100
 
         if abs(num) < divisor:
-            return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= divisor
 
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def prettytime(time, verbose=False, compact=False):
     days = int(time // (24 * 3600))

RNS/vendor/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import os
 import glob
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/vendor/configobj.py

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def getObj(s):
     global compiler
     if compiler is None:
         import compiler
-    s = "a=" + s
+    s = f"a={s}"
     p = compiler.parse(s)
     return p.getChildren()[1].getChildren()[0].getChildren()[1]
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class UnknownType(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-class Builder(object):
+class Builder:
 
     def build(self, o):
         if m is None:
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class InterpolationLoopError(InterpolationError):
     def __init__(self, option):
         InterpolationError.__init__(
             self,
-            'interpolation loop detected in value "%s".' % option)
+            f'interpolation loop detected in value "{option}".')
 
 
 class RepeatSectionError(ConfigObjError):
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class RepeatSectionError(ConfigObjError):
 class MissingInterpolationOption(InterpolationError):
     """A value specified for interpolation was missing."""
     def __init__(self, option):
-        msg = 'missing option "%s" in interpolation.' % option
+        msg = f'missing option "{option}" in interpolation.'
         InterpolationError.__init__(self, msg)
 
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class UnreprError(ConfigObjError):
 
 
 
-class InterpolationEngine(object):
+class InterpolationEngine:
     """
     A helper class to help perform string interpolation.
 
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ class InterpolationEngine(object):
                     replacement = recursive_interpolate(k, v, s, backtrail)
                 # Replace the matched string with its final value
                 start, end = match.span()
-                value = ''.join((value[:start], replacement, value[end:]))
+                value = f"{value[:start]}{replacement}{value[end:]}"
                 new_search_start = start + len(replacement)
                 # Pick up the next interpolation key, if any, for next time
                 # through the while loop
@@ -553,11 +553,11 @@ class Section(dict):
         """Fetch the item and do string interpolation."""
         val = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
         if self.main.interpolation:
-            if isinstance(val, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(val, str):
                 return self._interpolate(key, val)
             if isinstance(val, list):
                 def _check(entry):
-                    if isinstance(entry, six.string_types):
+                    if isinstance(entry, str):
                         return self._interpolate(key, entry)
                     return entry
                 new = [_check(entry) for entry in val]
@@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ class Section(dict):
         ``unrepr`` must be set when setting a value to a dictionary, without
         creating a new sub-section.
         """
-        if not isinstance(key, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
-            raise ValueError('The key "%s" is not a string.' % key)
+            raise ValueError(f'The key "{key}" is not a string.')
 
         # add the comment
         if key not in self.comments:
@@ -614,14 +614,14 @@ class Section(dict):
             if key not in self:
                 self.scalars.append(key)
             if not self.main.stringify:
-                if isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(value, str):
                     pass
                 elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
                     for entry in value:
-                        if not isinstance(entry, six.string_types):
+                        if not isinstance(entry, str):
-                            raise TypeError('Value is not a string "%s".' % entry)
+                            raise TypeError(f'Value is not a string "{entry}".')
                 else:
-                    raise TypeError('Value is not a string "%s".' % value)
+                    raise TypeError(f'Value is not a string "{value}".')
             dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
 
 
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ class Section(dict):
 
     def iterkeys(self):
         """D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D"""
-        return iter((self.scalars + self.sections))
+        return iter(self.scalars + self.sections)
 
     __iter__ = iterkeys
 
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ class Section(dict):
                 return self[key]
             except MissingInterpolationOption:
                 return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
-        return '{%s}' % ', '.join([('%s: %s' % (repr(key), repr(_getval(key))))
+        return '{%s}' % ', '.join([f'{key!r}: {_getval(key)!r}'
             for key in (self.scalars + self.sections)])
 
     __str__ = __repr__
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ class Section(dict):
         elif oldkey in self.sections:
             the_list = self.sections
         else:
-            raise KeyError('Key "%s" not found.' % oldkey)
+            raise KeyError(f'Key "{oldkey}" not found.')
         pos = the_list.index(oldkey)
         #
         val = self[oldkey]
@@ -959,13 +959,13 @@ class Section(dict):
             return False
         else:
             try:
-                if not isinstance(val, six.string_types):
+                if not isinstance(val, str):
                     # TODO: Why do we raise a KeyError here?
                     raise KeyError()
                 else:
                     return self.main._bools[val.lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError('Value "%s" is neither True nor False' % val)
+                raise ValueError(f'Value "{val}" is neither True nor False')
 
 
     def as_int(self, key):
@@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
             # TODO: check the values too.
             for entry in options:
                 if entry not in OPTION_DEFAULTS:
-                    raise TypeError('Unrecognised option "%s".' % entry)
+                    raise TypeError(f'Unrecognised option "{entry}".')
             for entry, value in list(OPTION_DEFAULTS.items()):
                 if entry not in options:
                     options[entry] = value
@@ -1230,14 +1230,14 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
 
     def _load(self, infile, configspec):
-        if isinstance(infile, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(infile, str):
             self.filename = infile
             if os.path.isfile(infile):
                 with open(infile, 'rb') as h:
                     content = h.readlines() or []
             elif self.file_error:
                 # raise an error if the file doesn't exist
-                raise IOError('Config file not found: "%s".' % self.filename)
+                raise OSError(f'Config file not found: "{self.filename}".')
             else:
                 # file doesn't already exist
                 if self.create_empty:
@@ -1298,15 +1298,15 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
                         break
                 break
 
-        assert all(isinstance(line, six.string_types) for line in content), repr(content)
+        assert all(isinstance(line, str) for line in content), repr(content)
         content = [line.rstrip('\r\n') for line in content]
 
         self._parse(content)
         # if we had any errors, now is the time to raise them
         if self._errors:
-            info = "at line %s." % self._errors[0].line_number
+            info = f"at line {self._errors[0].line_number}."
             if len(self._errors) > 1:
-                msg = "Parsing failed with several errors.\nFirst error %s" % info
+                msg = f"Parsing failed with several errors.\nFirst error {info}"
                 error = ConfigObjError(msg)
             else:
                 error = self._errors[0]
@@ -1363,9 +1363,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
                 return self[key]
             except MissingInterpolationOption:
                 return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
-        return ('ConfigObj({%s})' % 
+        return ('ConfigObj({%s})' % ', '.join([f'{key!r}: {_getval(key)!r}' for key in (self.scalars + self.sections)]))
-                ', '.join([('%s: %s' % (repr(key), repr(_getval(key)))) 
-                for key in (self.scalars + self.sections)]))
 
 
     def _handle_bom(self, infile):
@@ -1403,7 +1401,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
         else:
             line = infile
 
-        if isinstance(line, six.text_type):
+        if isinstance(line, str):
             # it's already decoded and there's no need to do anything
             # else, just use the _decode utility method to handle
             # listifying appropriately
@@ -1448,7 +1446,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
         # No encoding specified - so we need to check for UTF8/UTF16
         for BOM, (encoding, final_encoding) in list(BOMS.items()):
-            if not isinstance(line, six.binary_type) or not line.startswith(BOM):
+            if not isinstance(line, bytes) or not line.startswith(BOM):
                 # didn't specify a BOM, or it's not a bytestring
                 continue
             else:
@@ -1464,9 +1462,9 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
                     else:
                         infile = newline
                     # UTF-8
-                    if isinstance(infile, six.text_type):
+                    if isinstance(infile, str):
                         return infile.splitlines(True)
-                    elif isinstance(infile, six.binary_type):
+                    elif isinstance(infile, bytes):
                         return infile.decode('utf-8').splitlines(True)
                     else:
                         return self._decode(infile, 'utf-8')
@@ -1479,7 +1477,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
             # returning a bytestring is fine
             return self._decode(infile, None)
         # No BOM discovered and no encoding specified, default to UTF-8
-        if isinstance(infile, six.binary_type):
+        if isinstance(infile, bytes):
             return infile.decode('utf-8').splitlines(True)
         else:
             return self._decode(infile, 'utf-8')
@@ -1487,7 +1485,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
     def _a_to_u(self, aString):
         """Decode ASCII strings to unicode if a self.encoding is specified."""
-        if isinstance(aString, six.binary_type) and self.encoding:
+        if isinstance(aString, bytes) and self.encoding:
             return aString.decode(self.encoding)
         else:
             return aString
@@ -1499,9 +1497,9 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
         if is a string, it also needs converting to a list.
         """
-        if isinstance(infile, six.string_types):
+        if isinstance(infile, str):
             return infile.splitlines(True)
-        if isinstance(infile, six.binary_type):
+        if isinstance(infile, bytes):
             # NOTE: Could raise a ``UnicodeDecodeError``
             if encoding:
                 return infile.decode(encoding).splitlines(True)
@@ -1510,7 +1508,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
         if encoding:
             for i, line in enumerate(infile):
-                if isinstance(line, six.binary_type):
+                if isinstance(line, bytes):
                     # NOTE: The isinstance test here handles mixed lists of unicode/string
                     # NOTE: But the decode will break on any non-string values
                     # NOTE: Or could raise a ``UnicodeDecodeError``
@@ -1520,7 +1518,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
     def _decode_element(self, line):
         """Decode element to unicode if necessary."""
-        if isinstance(line, six.binary_type) and self.default_encoding:
+        if isinstance(line, bytes) and self.default_encoding:
             return line.decode(self.default_encoding)
         else:
             return line
@@ -1532,7 +1530,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
         Used by ``stringify`` within validate, to turn non-string values
         into strings.
         """
-        if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
             # intentially 'str' because it's just whatever the "normal"
             # string type is for the python version we're dealing with
             return str(value)
@@ -1627,7 +1625,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
             mat = self._keyword.match(line)
             if mat is None:
                 self._handle_error(
-                    'Invalid line ({0!r}) (matched as neither section nor keyword)'.format(line),
+                    f'Invalid line ({line!r}) (matched as neither section nor keyword)',
                     ParseError, infile, cur_index)
             else:
                 # is a keyword value
@@ -1735,7 +1733,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
         """
         line = infile[cur_index]
         cur_index += 1
-        message = '{0} at line {1}.'.format(text, cur_index)
+        message = f'{text} at line {cur_index}.'
         error = ErrorClass(message, cur_index, line)
         if self.raise_errors:
             # raise the error - parsing stops here
@@ -1783,16 +1781,16 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
             if not value:
                 return ','
             elif len(value) == 1:
-                return self._quote(value[0], multiline=False) + ','
+                return f"{self._quote(value[0], multiline=False)},"
             return ', '.join([self._quote(val, multiline=False)
                 for val in value])
-        if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
             if self.stringify:
                 # intentially 'str' because it's just whatever the "normal"
                 # string type is for the python version we're dealing with
                 value = str(value)
             else:
-                raise TypeError('Value "%s" is not a string.' % value)
+                raise TypeError(f'Value "{value}" is not a string.')
 
         if not value:
             return '""'
@@ -1809,7 +1807,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
             # for normal values either single or double quotes will do
             elif '\n' in value:
                 # will only happen if multiline is off - e.g. '\n' in key
-                raise ConfigObjError('Value "%s" cannot be safely quoted.' % value)
+                raise ConfigObjError(f'Value "{value}" cannot be safely quoted.')
             elif ((value[0] not in wspace_plus) and
                     (value[-1] not in wspace_plus) and
                     (',' not in value)):
@@ -1828,7 +1826,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
     def _get_single_quote(self, value):
         if ("'" in value) and ('"' in value):
-            raise ConfigObjError('Value "%s" cannot be safely quoted.' % value)
+            raise ConfigObjError(f'Value "{value}" cannot be safely quoted.')
         elif '"' in value:
             quot = squot
         else:
@@ -1838,7 +1836,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
     def _get_triple_quote(self, value):
         if (value.find('"""') != -1) and (value.find("'''") != -1):
-            raise ConfigObjError('Value "%s" cannot be safely quoted.' % value)
+            raise ConfigObjError(f'Value "{value}" cannot be safely quoted.')
         if value.find('"""') == -1:
             quot = tdquot
         else:
@@ -1943,9 +1941,9 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
             except ConfigObjError as e:
                 # FIXME: Should these errors have a reference
                 #        to the already parsed ConfigObj ?
-                raise ConfigspecError('Parsing configspec failed: %s' % e)
+                raise ConfigspecError(f'Parsing configspec failed: {e}')
-            except IOError as e:
+            except OSError as e:
-                raise IOError('Reading configspec failed: %s' % e)
+                raise OSError(f'Reading configspec failed: {e}')
 
         self.configspec = configspec
 
@@ -1986,20 +1984,12 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
             val = self._decode_element(self._quote(this_entry))
         else:
             val = repr(this_entry)
-        return '%s%s%s%s%s' % (indent_string,
+        return f"{indent_string}{self._decode_element(self._quote(entry, multiline=False))}{self._a_to_u(' = ')}{val}{self._decode_element(comment)}"
-                               self._decode_element(self._quote(entry, multiline=False)),
-                               self._a_to_u(' = '),
-                               val,
-                               self._decode_element(comment))
 
 
     def _write_marker(self, indent_string, depth, entry, comment):
         """Write a section marker line"""
-        return '%s%s%s%s%s' % (indent_string,
+        return f"{indent_string}{self._a_to_u('[' * depth)}{self._quote(self._decode_element(entry), multiline=False)}{self._a_to_u(']' * depth)}{self._decode_element(comment)}"
-                               self._a_to_u('[' * depth),
-                               self._quote(self._decode_element(entry), multiline=False),
-                               self._a_to_u(']' * depth),
-                               self._decode_element(comment))
 
 
     def _handle_comment(self, comment):
@@ -2111,7 +2101,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
         if not output.endswith(newline):
             output += newline
 
-        if isinstance(output, six.binary_type):
+        if isinstance(output, bytes):
             output_bytes = output
         else:
             output_bytes = output.encode(self.encoding or
@@ -2284,7 +2274,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
                 out[entry] = False
             else:
                 ret_false = False
-                msg = 'Value %r was provided as a section' % entry
+                msg = f'Value {entry!r} was provided as a section'
                 out[entry] = validator.baseErrorClass(msg)
         for entry in incorrect_sections:
             ret_true = False
@@ -2292,7 +2282,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
                 out[entry] = False
             else:
                 ret_false = False
-                msg = 'Section %r was provided as a single value' % entry
+                msg = f'Section {entry!r} was provided as a single value'
                 out[entry] = validator.baseErrorClass(msg)
 
         # Missing sections will have been created as empty ones when the
@@ -2353,7 +2343,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
         This method raises a ``ReloadError`` if the ConfigObj doesn't have
         a filename attribute pointing to a file.
         """
-        if not isinstance(self.filename, six.string_types):
+        if not isinstance(self.filename, str):
             raise ReloadError()
 
         filename = self.filename
@@ -2372,7 +2362,7 @@ class ConfigObj(Section):
 
 
 
-class SimpleVal(object):
+class SimpleVal:
     """
     A simple validator.
     Can be used to check that all members expected are present.

RNS/vendor/i2plib/aiosam.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def parse_reply(data):
 
     try:
         msg = sam.Message(data.decode().strip())
-        logger.debug("SAM reply: "+str(msg))
+        logger.debug(f"SAM reply: {msg}")
     except:
         raise ConnectionAbortedError("Invalid SAM response")
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
     :param options: (optional) A dict object with i2cp options
     :return: A (reader, writer) pair
     """
-    logger.debug("Creating session {}".format(session_name))
+    logger.debug(f"Creating session {session_name}")
     if destination:
         if type(destination) == sam.Destination:
             destination = destination
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
     else:
         dest_string = sam.TRANSIENT_DESTINATION
 
-    options = " ".join(["{}={}".format(k, v) for k, v in options.items()])
+    options = " ".join([f"{k}={v}" for k, v in options.items()])
 
     reader, writer = await get_sam_socket(sam_address, loop)
     writer.write(sam.session_create(
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
             destination = sam.Destination(
                     reply["DESTINATION"], has_private_key=True)
         logger.debug(destination.base32)
-        logger.debug("Session created {}".format(session_name))
+        logger.debug(f"Session created {session_name}")
         return (reader, writer)
     else:
         writer.close()
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ async def stream_connect(session_name, destination,
     :param loop: (optional) Event loop instance
     :return: A (reader, writer) pair
     """
-    logger.debug("Connecting stream {}".format(session_name))
+    logger.debug(f"Connecting stream {session_name}")
     if isinstance(destination, str) and not destination.endswith(".i2p"):
         destination = sam.Destination(destination)
     elif isinstance(destination, str):
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ async def stream_connect(session_name, destination,
                                            silent="false"))
     reply = parse_reply(await reader.readline())
     if reply.ok:
-        logger.debug("Stream connected {}".format(session_name))
+        logger.debug(f"Stream connected {session_name}")
         return (reader, writer)
     else:
         writer.close()

RNS/vendor/i2plib/sam.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ TRANSIENT_DESTINATION = "TRANSIENT"
 VALID_BASE32_ADDRESS = re.compile(r"^([a-zA-Z0-9]{52}).b32.i2p$")
 VALID_BASE64_ADDRESS = re.compile(r"^([a-zA-Z0-9-~=]{516,528})$")
 
-class Message(object):
+class Message:
     """Parse SAM message to an object"""
     def __init__(self, s):
         self.opts = {}
@@ -51,34 +51,30 @@ class Message(object):
 # SAM request messages
 
 def hello(min_version, max_version):
-    return "HELLO VERSION MIN={} MAX={}\n".format(min_version, 
+    return f"HELLO VERSION MIN={min_version} MAX={max_version}\n".encode()
-            max_version).encode()
 
 def session_create(style, session_id, destination, options=""):
-    return "SESSION CREATE STYLE={} ID={} DESTINATION={} {}\n".format(
+    return f"SESSION CREATE STYLE={style} ID={session_id} DESTINATION={destination} {options}\n".encode()
-            style, session_id, destination, options).encode()
 
 
 def stream_connect(session_id, destination, silent="false"):
-    return "STREAM CONNECT ID={} DESTINATION={} SILENT={}\n".format(
+    return f"STREAM CONNECT ID={session_id} DESTINATION={destination} SILENT={silent}\n".encode()
-            session_id, destination, silent).encode()
 
 def stream_accept(session_id, silent="false"):
-    return "STREAM ACCEPT ID={} SILENT={}\n".format(session_id, silent).encode()
+    return f"STREAM ACCEPT ID={session_id} SILENT={silent}\n".encode()
 
 def stream_forward(session_id, port, options=""):
-    return "STREAM FORWARD ID={} PORT={} {}\n".format(
+    return f"STREAM FORWARD ID={session_id} PORT={port} {options}\n".encode()
-            session_id, port, options).encode()
 
 
 
 def naming_lookup(name):
-    return "NAMING LOOKUP NAME={}\n".format(name).encode()
+    return f"NAMING LOOKUP NAME={name}\n".encode()
 
 def dest_generate(signature_type):
-    return "DEST GENERATE SIGNATURE_TYPE={}\n".format(signature_type).encode()
+    return f"DEST GENERATE SIGNATURE_TYPE={signature_type}\n".encode()
 
-class Destination(object):
+class Destination:
     """I2P destination
 
     https://geti2p.net/spec/common-structures#destination
@@ -101,7 +97,7 @@ class Destination(object):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, path=None, has_private_key=False):
         #: Binary destination
-        self.data = bytes() 
+        self.data = b''
         #: Base64 encoded destination
         self.base64 = ""
         #: :class:`RNS.vendor.i2plib.PrivateKey` instance or None
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ class Destination(object):
         self.base64 = data if type(data) == str else i2p_b64encode(data)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<Destination: {}>".format(self.base32)
+        return f"<Destination: {self.base32}>"
 
     @property
     def base32(self):
@@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ class Destination(object):
         desthash = sha256(self.data).digest()
         return b32encode(desthash).decode()[:52].lower()
 
-class PrivateKey(object):
+class PrivateKey:
     """I2P private key
 
     https://geti2p.net/spec/common-structures#keysandcert

RNS/vendor/i2plib/tunnel.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ async def proxy_data(reader, writer):
                 break
             writer.write(data)
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug('proxy_data_task exception {}'.format(e))
+        logger.debug(f'proxy_data_task exception {e}')
     finally:
         try:
             writer.close()
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ async def proxy_data(reader, writer):
             pass
         logger.debug('close connection')
 
-class I2PTunnel(object):
+class I2PTunnel:
     """Base I2P Tunnel object, not to be used directly
 
     :param local_address: A local address to use for a tunnel.
@@ -141,8 +141,7 @@ class ServerTunnel(I2PTunnel):
                 # data and dest may come in one chunk
                 dest, data = incoming.split(b"\n", 1)
                 remote_destination = sam.Destination(dest.decode())
-                logger.debug("{} client connected: {}.b32.i2p".format(
+                logger.debug(f"{self.session_name} client connected: {remote_destination.base32}.b32.i2p")
-                    self.session_name, remote_destination.base32))
 
             except Exception as e:
                 self.status["exception"] = e

RNS/vendor/i2plib/utils.py

@@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ def generate_session_id(length=6):
     """Generate random session id"""
     rand = random.SystemRandom()
     sid = [rand.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(length)]
-    return "reticulum-" + "".join(sid)
+    return f"reticulum-{''.join(sid)}"
 

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/__init__.py

@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ if os.name == "nt":
 elif os.name == "posix":
     from RNS.vendor.ifaddr._posix import get_adapters
 else:
-    raise RuntimeError("Unsupported Operating System: %s" % os.name)
+    raise RuntimeError(f"Unsupported Operating System: {os.name}")
 
 __all__ = ['Adapter', 'IP', 'get_adapters']

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/_posix.py

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def get_adapters(include_unconfigured: bool = False) -> Iterable[shared.Adapter]
                 prefixlen = shared.ipv6_prefixlength(ipaddress.IPv6Address(netmaskStr))
             else:
                 assert netmask is not None, f'sockaddr_to_ip({addr[0].ifa_netmask}) returned None'
-                netmaskStr = str('0.0.0.0/' + netmask)
+                netmaskStr = str(f"0.0.0.0/{netmask}")
                 prefixlen = ipaddress.IPv4Network(netmaskStr).prefixlen
             ip = shared.IP(ip_addr, prefixlen, name)
             add_ip(name, ip)

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/_shared.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import platform
 
 from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
-class Adapter(object):
+class Adapter:
     """
     Represents a network interface device controller (NIC), such as a
     network card. An adapter can have multiple IPs.
@@ -58,9 +58,7 @@ class Adapter(object):
         self.index = index
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Adapter(name={name}, nice_name={nice_name}, ips={ips}, index={index})".format(
+        return f"Adapter(name={self.name!r}, nice_name={self.nice_name!r}, ips={self.ips!r}, index={self.index!r})"
-            name=repr(self.name), nice_name=repr(self.nice_name), ips=repr(self.ips), index=repr(self.index)
-        )
 
 
 # Type of an IPv4 address (a string in "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" format)
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ _IPv4Address = str
 _IPv6Address = Tuple[str, int, int]
 
 
-class IP(object):
+class IP:
     """
     Represents an IP address of an adapter.
     """
@@ -112,9 +110,7 @@ class IP(object):
         return isinstance(self.ip, tuple)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "IP(ip={ip}, network_prefix={network_prefix}, nice_name={nice_name})".format(
+        return f"IP(ip={self.ip!r}, network_prefix={self.network_prefix!r}, nice_name={self.nice_name!r})"
-            ip=repr(self.ip), network_prefix=repr(self.network_prefix), nice_name=repr(self.nice_name)
-        )
 
 
 if platform.system() == "Darwin" or "BSD" in platform.system():

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/niwrapper.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def ifaddresses(ifname) -> dict:
             for ip in a.ips:
                 t = {}
                 if ip.is_IPv4:
-                    net = ipaddress.ip_network(str(ip.ip)+"/"+str(ip.network_prefix), strict=False)
+                    net = ipaddress.ip_network(f"{ip.ip}/{ip.network_prefix}", strict=False)
                     t["addr"] = ip.ip
                     t["prefix"] = ip.network_prefix
                     t["broadcast"] = str(net.broadcast_address)

RNS/vendor/six.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 """Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
 
-from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import functools
 import itertools
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ else:
         MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
     else:
         # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
-        class X(object):
+        class X:
 
             def __len__(self):
                 return 1 << 31
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ def _import_module(name):
     return sys.modules[name]
 
 
-class _LazyDescr(object):
+class _LazyDescr:
 
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ class _LazyDescr(object):
 class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
 
     def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
-        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        super().__init__(name)
         if PY3:
             if new is None:
                 new = name
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
 class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
 
     def __init__(self, name):
-        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        super().__init__(name)
         self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
 
     def __dir__(self):
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
 class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
 
     def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
-        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        super().__init__(name)
         if PY3:
             if new_mod is None:
                 new_mod = name
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
         return getattr(module, self.attr)
 
 
-class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+class _SixMetaPathImporter:
 
     """
     A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
@@ -181,10 +180,10 @@ class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
 
     def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
         for fullname in fullnames:
-            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+            self.known_modules[f"{self.name}.{fullname}"] = mod
 
     def _get_module(self, fullname):
-        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+        return self.known_modules[f"{self.name}.{fullname}"]
 
     def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
         if fullname in self.known_modules:
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
         try:
             return self.known_modules[fullname]
         except KeyError:
-            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+            raise ImportError(f"This loader does not know module {fullname}")
 
     def load_module(self, fullname):
         try:
@@ -312,9 +311,9 @@ _moved_attributes = [
     MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
                 "tkinter.simpledialog"),
-    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
-    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
-    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib"),
     MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
     MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
     MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
@@ -328,12 +327,12 @@ if sys.platform == "win32":
 for attr in _moved_attributes:
     setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
     if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
-        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+        _importer._add_module(attr, f"moves.{attr.name}")
 del attr
 
 _MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
 
-moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+moves = _MovedItems(f"{__name__}.moves")
 _importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
 
 
@@ -375,7 +374,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib_parse"),
                       "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
 
 
@@ -395,7 +394,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.error"),
                       "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
 
 
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.request"),
                       "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
 
 
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.response"),
                       "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
 
 
@@ -486,7 +485,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.robotparser"),
                       "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
 
 
@@ -503,7 +502,7 @@ class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
     def __dir__(self):
         return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib"),
                       "moves.urllib")
 
 
@@ -520,7 +519,7 @@ def remove_move(name):
         try:
             del moves.__dict__[name]
         except KeyError:
-            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+            raise AttributeError(f"no such move, {name!r}")
 
 
 if PY3:
@@ -576,7 +575,7 @@ else:
     def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
         return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
 
-    class Iterator(object):
+    class Iterator:
 
         def next(self):
             return type(self).__next__(self)
@@ -910,7 +909,7 @@ def ensure_binary(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
         return s
     if isinstance(s, text_type):
         return s.encode(encoding, errors)
-    raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+    raise TypeError(f"not expecting type '{type(s)}'")
 
 
 def ensure_str(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
@@ -932,7 +931,7 @@ def ensure_str(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
     elif PY3 and isinstance(s, binary_type):
         return s.decode(encoding, errors)
     elif not isinstance(s, (text_type, binary_type)):
-        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+        raise TypeError(f"not expecting type '{type(s)}'")
     return s
 
 
@@ -952,7 +951,7 @@ def ensure_text(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
     elif isinstance(s, text_type):
         return s
     else:
-        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+        raise TypeError(f"not expecting type '{type(s)}'")
 
 
 def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
@@ -965,9 +964,7 @@ def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
     """
     if PY2:
         if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
-            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+            raise ValueError(f"@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied to {klass.__name__} because it doesn't define __str__().")
-                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
-                             klass.__name__)
         klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
         klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
     return klass

RNS/vendor/umsgpack.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ import io
 if sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 3):
     from collections.abc import Hashable
 else:
-    from collections import Hashable
+    from collections.abc import Hashable
 
 __version__ = "2.7.1"
 "Module version string"
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ version = (2, 7, 1)
 ##############################################################################
 
 # Extension type for application-defined types and data
-class Ext(object):
+class Ext:
     """
     The Ext class facilitates creating a serializable extension object to store
     an application-defined type and data byte array.
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class Ext(object):
         if not isinstance(type, int):
             raise TypeError("ext type is not type integer")
         elif not (-2**7 <= type <= 2**7 - 1):
-            raise ValueError("ext type value {:d} is out of range (-128 to 127)".format(type))
+            raise ValueError(f"ext type value {type} is out of range (-128 to 127)")
         # Check data is type bytes or str
         elif sys.version_info[0] == 3 and not isinstance(data, bytes):
             raise TypeError("ext data is not type \'bytes\'")
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ class Ext(object):
         """
         String representation of this Ext object.
         """
-        s = "Ext Object (Type: {:d}, Data: ".format(self.type)
+        s = f"Ext Object (Type: {self.type}, Data: "
-        s += " ".join(["0x{:02}".format(ord(self.data[i:i + 1]))
+        s += " ".join([f"0x{ord(self.data[i:i + 1]):02}"
                        for i in xrange(min(len(self.data), 8))])
         if len(self.data) > 8:
             s += " ..."
@@ -177,11 +177,11 @@ def ext_serializable(ext_type):
         if not isinstance(ext_type, int):
             raise TypeError("Ext type is not type integer")
         elif not (-2**7 <= ext_type <= 2**7 - 1):
-            raise ValueError("Ext type value {:d} is out of range of -128 to 127".format(ext_type))
+            raise ValueError(f"Ext type value {ext_type} is out of range of -128 to 127")
         elif ext_type in _ext_type_to_class:
-            raise ValueError("Ext type {:d} already registered with class {:s}".format(ext_type, repr(_ext_type_to_class[ext_type])))
+            raise ValueError(f"Ext type {ext_type} already registered with class {_ext_type_to_class[ext_type]!r}")
         elif cls in _ext_class_to_type:
-            raise ValueError("Class {:s} already registered with Ext type {:d}".format(repr(cls), ext_type))
+            raise ValueError(f"Class {cls!r} already registered with Ext type {ext_type}")
 
         _ext_type_to_class[ext_type] = cls
         _ext_class_to_type[cls] = ext_type
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
         try:
             _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[obj.__class__], obj.packb()), fp, options)
         except AttributeError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(obj.__class__)))
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {obj.__class__!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
     elif isinstance(obj, bool):
         _pack_boolean(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, (int, long)):
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
             _pack_ext(ext_handlers[t](obj), fp, options)
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-                "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+                f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     elif _ext_class_to_type:
         # Linear search for superclass
         t = next((t for t in _ext_class_to_type if isinstance(obj, t)), None)
@@ -533,11 +533,11 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
             try:
                 _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[t], obj.packb()), fp, options)
             except AttributeError:
-                raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(t)))
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {t!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
         else:
-            raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+            raise UnsupportedTypeException(f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     else:
-        raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+        raise UnsupportedTypeException(f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
 
 
 # Pack for Python 3, with unicode 'str' type, 'bytes' type, and no 'long' type
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
         try:
             _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[obj.__class__], obj.packb()), fp, options)
         except AttributeError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(obj.__class__)))
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {obj.__class__!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
     elif isinstance(obj, bool):
         _pack_boolean(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, int):
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
             _pack_ext(ext_handlers[t](obj), fp, options)
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-                "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+                f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     elif _ext_class_to_type:
         # Linear search for superclass
         t = next((t for t in _ext_class_to_type if isinstance(obj, t)), None)
@@ -620,12 +620,12 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
             try:
                 _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[t], obj.packb()), fp, options)
             except AttributeError:
-                raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(t)))
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {t!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
         else:
-            raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+            raise UnsupportedTypeException(f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-            "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+            f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
 
 
 def _packb2(obj, **options):
@@ -737,21 +737,21 @@ def _unpack_integer(code, fp, options):
         return struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     elif code == b'\xcf':
         return struct.unpack(">Q", _read_except(fp, 8))[0]
-    raise Exception("logic error, not int: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not int: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_reserved(code, fp, options):
     if code == b'\xc1':
         raise ReservedCodeException(
-            "encountered reserved code: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+            f"encountered reserved code: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
     raise Exception(
-        "logic error, not reserved code: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        f"logic error, not reserved code: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_nil(code, fp, options):
     if code == b'\xc0':
         return None
-    raise Exception("logic error, not nil: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not nil: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_boolean(code, fp, options):
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ def _unpack_boolean(code, fp, options):
         return False
     elif code == b'\xc3':
         return True
-    raise Exception("logic error, not boolean: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not boolean: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_float(code, fp, options):
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ def _unpack_float(code, fp, options):
         return struct.unpack(">f", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     elif code == b'\xcb':
         return struct.unpack(">d", _read_except(fp, 8))[0]
-    raise Exception("logic error, not float: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not float: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_string(code, fp, options):
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ def _unpack_string(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdb':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not string: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not string: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     # Always return raw bytes in compatibility mode
     global compatibility
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ def _unpack_binary(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xc6':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not binary: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not binary: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     return _read_except(fp, length)
 
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ def _unpack_ext(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xc9':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not ext: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not ext: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     ext_type = struct.unpack("b", _read_except(fp, 1))[0]
     ext_data = _read_except(fp, length)
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ def _unpack_ext(code, fp, options):
         try:
             return _ext_type_to_class[ext_type].unpackb(ext_data)
         except AttributeError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of unpackb()".format(repr(_ext_type_to_class[ext_type])))
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {_ext_type_to_class[ext_type]!r} is missing implementation of unpackb()")
 
     # Timestamp extension
     if ext_type == -1:
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ def _unpack_ext_timestamp(ext_data, options):
         microseconds = struct.unpack(">I", ext_data[0:4])[0] // 1000
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTimestampException(
-            "unsupported timestamp with data length {:d}".format(len(ext_data)))
+            f"unsupported timestamp with data length {len(ext_data)}")
 
     return _epoch + datetime.timedelta(seconds=seconds,
                                        microseconds=microseconds)
@@ -882,10 +882,10 @@ def _unpack_array(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdd':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not array: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not array: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     if options.get('use_tuple'):
-        return tuple((_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length)))
+        return tuple(_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length))
 
     return [_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length)]
 
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdf':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not map: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not map: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     d = {} if not options.get('use_ordered_dict') else collections.OrderedDict()
     for _ in xrange(length):
@@ -916,10 +916,10 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
             k = _deep_list_to_tuple(k)
         elif not isinstance(k, Hashable):
             raise UnhashableKeyException(
-                "encountered unhashable key: \"{:s}\" ({:s})".format(str(k), str(type(k))))
+                f"encountered unhashable key: \"{k}\" ({type(k)})")
         elif k in d:
             raise DuplicateKeyException(
-                "encountered duplicate key: \"{:s}\" ({:s})".format(str(k), str(type(k))))
+                f"encountered duplicate key: \"{k}\" ({type(k)})")
 
         # Unpack value
         v = _unpack(fp, options)
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
             d[k] = v
         except TypeError:
             raise UnhashableKeyException(
-                "encountered unhashable key: \"{:s}\"".format(str(k)))
+                f"encountered unhashable key: \"{k}\"")
     return d
 
 

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ project = 'Reticulum Network Stack'
 copyright = '2023, Mark Qvist'
 author = 'Mark Qvist'
 
-exec(open("../../RNS/_version.py", "r").read())
+exec(open("../../RNS/_version.py").read())
 version = __version__
 
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
 import RNS
-release = RNS._version.__version__+" beta"
+release = f"{RNS._version.__version__} beta"
 
 # -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
 extensions = [

setup.py

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ if '--pure' in sys.argv:
     sys.argv.remove('--pure')
     print("Building pure-python wheel")
 
-exec(open("RNS/_version.py", "r").read())
+exec(open("RNS/_version.py").read())
-with open("README.md", "r") as fh:
+with open("README.md") as fh:
     long_description = fh.read()
 
 if pure_python:
     pkg_name = "rnspure"
     requirements = []
-    long_description = long_description.replace("</p>", "</p>"+pure_notice)
+    long_description = long_description.replace("</p>", f"</p>{pure_notice}")
 else:
     pkg_name = "rns"
     requirements = ['cryptography>=3.4.7', 'pyserial>=3.5']

tests/channel.py

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class SystemMessage(MessageBase):
     MSGTYPE = 0xf000
 
     def pack(self) -> bytes:
-        return bytes()
+        return b''
 
     def unpack(self, raw):
         pass
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class ProtocolHarness(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
     def cleanup(self):
         self.channel._shutdown()
 
-    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: typing.Type[BaseException], __exc_value: BaseException,
+    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: type[BaseException], __exc_value: BaseException,
                  __traceback: types.TracebackType) -> bool:
         # self._log.debug(f"__exit__({__exc_type}, {__exc_value}, {__traceback})")
         self.cleanup()
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ class TestChannel(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(data), count)
 
         read_finished = False
-        result = bytes()
+        result = b''
 
         def read_thread():
             nonlocal read_finished, result

tests/hashes.py

@@ -11,22 +11,22 @@ class TestSHA256(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_empty(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f(''.encode("utf-8")),
+            self.f(b''),
             bytes.fromhex("e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"))
 
     def test_less_than_block_length(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f('abc'.encode("utf-8")),
+            self.f(b'abc'),
             bytes.fromhex("ba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad"))
 
     def test_block_length(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*64),
+            self.f(b'a'*64),
             bytes.fromhex("ffe054fe7ae0cb6dc65c3af9b61d5209f439851db43d0ba5997337df154668eb"))
 
     def test_several_blocks(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*1000000),
+            self.f(b'a'*1000000),
             bytes.fromhex("cdc76e5c9914fb9281a1c7e284d73e67f1809a48a497200e046d39ccc7112cd0"))
 
     def test_random_blocks(self):
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ class TestSHA256(unittest.TestCase):
             if (i%1000 == 0):
                 gbytes = round(b/1000000000,3)
                 mbps = round((b*8/1000000)/(time.time()-start), 2)
-                print(str(i)+" rounds OK, total data: "+str(gbytes)+"GB, "+str(mbps)+"mbps")
+                print(f"{i} rounds OK, total data: {gbytes}GB, {mbps}mbps")
 
         if not ok:
-            print("Failed at round "+str(i))
+            print(f"Failed at round {i}")
         else:
             print("SHA-256 test OK")
 
@@ -65,25 +65,25 @@ class TestSHA512(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_empty(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f(''.encode("utf-8")),
+            self.f(b''),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce'+
                 '47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e'))
 
     def test_less_than_block_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.f('abc'.encode("utf-8")),
+        self.assertEqual(self.f(b'abc'),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'ddaf35a193617abacc417349ae20413112e6fa4e89a97ea20a9eeee64b55d39a'+
                 '2192992a274fc1a836ba3c23a3feebbd454d4423643ce80e2a9ac94fa54ca49f'))
 
     def test_block_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*128),
+        self.assertEqual(self.f(b'a'*128),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'b73d1929aa615934e61a871596b3f3b33359f42b8175602e89f7e06e5f658a24'+
                 '3667807ed300314b95cacdd579f3e33abdfbe351909519a846d465c59582f321'))
 
     def test_several_blocks(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*1000000),
+        self.assertEqual(self.f(b'a'*1000000),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'e718483d0ce769644e2e42c7bc15b4638e1f98b13b2044285632a803afa973eb'+
                 'de0ff244877ea60a4cb0432ce577c31beb009c5c2c49aa2e4eadb217ad8cc09b'))
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ class TestSHA512(unittest.TestCase):
             if (i%1000 == 0):
                 gbytes = round(b/1000000000,3)
                 mbps = round((b*8/1000000)/(time.time()-start), 2)
-                print(str(i)+" rounds OK, total data: "+str(gbytes)+"GB, "+str(mbps)+"mbps")
+                print(f"{i} rounds OK, total data: {gbytes}GB, {mbps}mbps")
 
         if not ok:
-            print("Failed at round "+str(i))
+            print(f"Failed at round {i}")
         else:
             print("SHA-512 test OK")
 

tests/identity.py

@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         tmdev = tmax - tmin
         mpct = (tmax/tmed)*100
         print("Random messages:")
-        print("  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: "+str(round(tmin, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmean, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmed, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmax, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmdev, 3)))
+        print(f"  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: {round(tmin, 3)}/{round(tmean, 3)}/{round(tmed, 3)}/{round(tmax, 3)}/{round(tmdev, 3)}")
-        print("  Max deviation from median: "+str(round(mpct, 1))+"%")
+        print(f"  Max deviation from median: {round(mpct, 1)}%")
         print()
 
         id1 = RNS.Identity()
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         tmdev = tmax - tmin
         mpct = (tmax/tmed)*100
         print("All 0xff messages:")
-        print("  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: "+str(round(tmin, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmean, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmed, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmax, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmdev, 3)))
+        print(f"  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: {round(tmin, 3)}/{round(tmean, 3)}/{round(tmed, 3)}/{round(tmax, 3)}/{round(tmdev, 3)}")
-        print("  Max deviation from median: "+str(round(mpct, 1))+"%")
+        print(f"  Max deviation from median: {round(mpct, 1)}%")
         print()
 
         id1 = RNS.Identity()
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         tmdev = tmax - tmin
         mpct = (tmax/tmed)*100
         print("All 0x00 messages:")
-        print("  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: "+str(round(tmin, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmean, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmed, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmax, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmdev, 3)))
+        print(f"  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: {round(tmin, 3)}/{round(tmean, 3)}/{round(tmed, 3)}/{round(tmax, 3)}/{round(tmdev, 3)}")
-        print("  Max deviation from median: "+str(round(mpct, 1))+"%")
+        print(f"  Max deviation from median: {round(mpct, 1)}%")
         print()
 
         b = 0
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(True, id2.validate(signature, msg))
             t += time.time() - start
 
-        print("Sign/validate chunks < MTU: "+self.size_str(b/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Sign/validate chunks < MTU: {self.size_str(b / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         for i in range(1, 500):
             mlen = 16*1024
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(True, id2.validate(signature, msg))
             t += time.time() - start
 
-        print("Sign/validate 16KB chunks: "+self.size_str(b/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Sign/validate 16KB chunks: {self.size_str(b / t, 'b')}ps")
 
 
     def test_2_encrypt(self):
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(msg, decrypted)
             d_t += time.time() - d_start
 
-        print("Encrypt chunks < MTU: "+self.size_str(b/e_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Encrypt chunks < MTU: {self.size_str(b / e_t, 'b')}ps")
-        print("Decrypt chunks < MTU: "+self.size_str(b/d_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Decrypt chunks < MTU: {self.size_str(b / d_t, 'b')}ps")
         print("")
 
         # Test encrypt and decrypt of large chunks
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(msg, id1.decrypt(token))
             d_t += time.time() - d_start
 
-        print("Encrypt "+self.size_str(mlen)+" chunks: "+self.size_str(b/e_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Encrypt {self.size_str(mlen)} chunks: {self.size_str(b / e_t, 'b')}ps")
-        print("Decrypt "+self.size_str(mlen)+" chunks: "+self.size_str(b/d_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Decrypt {self.size_str(mlen)} chunks: {self.size_str(b / d_t, 'b')}ps")
 
     def size_str(self, num, suffix='B'):
         units = ['','K','M','G','T','P','E','Z']
@@ -218,12 +218,12 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         for unit in units:
             if abs(num) < 1000.0:
                 if unit == "":
-                    return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
                 else:
-                    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
             num /= 1000.0
 
-        return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+        return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main(verbosity=2)

tests/link.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ BUFFER_TEST_TARGET = 32000
 
 def targets_job(caller):
     cmd = "python -c \"from tests.link import targets; targets()\""
-    print("Opening subprocess for "+str(cmd)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+    print(f"Opening subprocess for {cmd}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
     ppath = os.getcwd()
 
     try:
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         packet_size = RNS.Link.MDU
         pstart = time.time()
-        print("Sending "+str(num_packets)+" link packets of "+str(packet_size)+" bytes...")
+        print(f"Sending {num_packets} link packets of {packet_size} bytes...")
         for i in range(0, num_packets):
             time.sleep(0.003)
             b += packet_size
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
             receipts.append(p.send())
             pr_t += time.time() - start
 
-        print("Sent "+self.size_str(b)+", "+self.size_str(b/pr_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Sent {self.size_str(b)}, {self.size_str(b / pr_t, 'b')}ps")
         print("Checking receipts...", end=" ")
 
         all_ok = False
@@ -175,11 +175,11 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         if n_failed > 0:
             ns = "s" if n_failed != 1 else ""
-            print("Failed to receive proof for "+str(n_failed)+" packet"+ns)
+            print(f"Failed to receive proof for {n_failed} packet{ns}")
 
         self.assertEqual(all_ok, True)
         print("OK!")
-        print("Single packet and proof round-trip throughput is "+self.size_str(b/pduration, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Single packet and proof round-trip throughput is {self.size_str(b / pduration, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 128
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 256*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 1000*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 5*1000*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 50*1000*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout, callback=self.lr_callback)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(TestLink.large_resource_status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         channel = l1.get_channel()
         buffer = RNS.Buffer.create_bidirectional_buffer(0, 0, channel, handle_data)
 
-        buffer.write("Hi there".encode("utf-8"))
+        buffer.write(b"Hi there")
         buffer.flush()
 
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
             if local_bitrate is not None:
                 local_interface.bitrate = local_bitrate
                 local_interface._force_bitrate = True
-                print("Forcing local bitrate of " + str(local_bitrate) + " bps (" + str(round(local_bitrate/8, 0)) + " B/s)")
+                print(f"Forcing local bitrate of {local_bitrate} bps ({round(local_bitrate / 8, 0)} B/s)")
 
             # TODO: Load this from public bytes only
             id1 = RNS.Identity.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(fixed_keys[0][0]))
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
             # delay a reasonable time for link to come up at current bitrate
             link_sleep = max(RNS.Link.MDU * 3 / local_interface.bitrate * 8, 2)
             timeout_at = time.time() + link_sleep
-            print("Waiting " + str(round(link_sleep, 1)) + " sec for link to come up")
+            print(f"Waiting {round(link_sleep, 1)} sec for link to come up")
             while l1.status != RNS.Link.ACTIVE and time.time() < timeout_at:
                 time.sleep(0.01)
 
@@ -564,14 +564,14 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
             expected_rx_message = b""
             for i in range(0, len(message)):
                 if i > 0 and (i % StreamDataMessage.MAX_DATA_LEN) == 0:
-                    expected_rx_message += " back at you".encode("utf-8")
+                    expected_rx_message += b" back at you"
                 expected_rx_message += bytes([message[i]])
-            expected_rx_message += " back at you".encode("utf-8")
+            expected_rx_message += b" back at you"
 
             # since the segments will be received at max length for a
             # StreamDataMessage, the appended text will end up in a
             # separate packet.
-            print("Sending " + str(len(message)) + " bytes, receiving " + str(len(expected_rx_message)) + " bytes, ")
+            print(f"Sending {len(message)} bytes, receiving {len(expected_rx_message)} bytes, ")
 
             buffer.write(message)
             buffer.flush()
@@ -621,12 +621,12 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         for unit in units:
             if abs(num) < 1000.0:
                 if unit == "":
-                    return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
                 else:
-                    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
             num /= 1000.0
 
-        return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+        return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main(verbosity=1)
@@ -650,16 +650,16 @@ def targets(yp=False):
                 threads = yappi.get_thread_stats()
                 for thread in threads:
                     print(
-                        "Function stats for (%s) (%d)" % (thread.name, thread.id)
+                        f"Function stats for ({thread.name}) ({int(thread.id)})"
                     )  # it is the Thread.__class__.__name__
-                    yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save("receiver_thread_"+str(thread.id)+".data", type="pstat")
+                    yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save(f"receiver_thread_{thread.id}.data", type="pstat")
             except Exception as e:
-                print("Error: "+str(e))
+                print(f"Error: {e}")
 
 
         if hasattr(resource.link.attached_interface, "rxptime"):
             rx_pr = (resource.link.attached_interface.rxb*8)/resource.link.attached_interface.rxptime
-            print("Average RX proccessing rate: "+size_str(rx_pr, "b")+"ps")
+            print(f"Average RX proccessing rate: {size_str(rx_pr, 'b')}ps")
 
     def link_established(link):
         print("Link established")
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ def targets(yp=False):
 
         def handle_message(message):
             if isinstance(message, MessageTest):
-                message.data = message.data + " back"
+                message.data = f"{message.data} back"
                 channel.send(message)
 
         channel.register_message_type(MessageTest)
@@ -685,17 +685,17 @@ def targets(yp=False):
             buffer_read_len += len(data)
             response_data.append(data)
 
-            if data == "Hi there".encode("utf-8"):
+            if data == b"Hi there":
                 RNS.log("Sending response")
                 for data in response_data:
-                    buffer.write(data + " back at you".encode("utf-8"))
+                    buffer.write(data + b" back at you")
                     buffer.flush()
                     buffer_read_len = 0
 
             if buffer_read_len == BUFFER_TEST_TARGET:
                 RNS.log("Sending response")
                 for data in response_data:
-                    buffer.write(data + " back at you".encode("utf-8"))
+                    buffer.write(data + b" back at you")
                     buffer.flush()
                     buffer_read_len = 0
 
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ def resource_profiling():
     resource_timeout = 120
     resource_size = 5*1000*1000
     data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-    print("Sending "+size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+    print(f"Sending {size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
 
     import yappi
     yappi.start()
@@ -759,22 +759,22 @@ def resource_profiling():
         time.sleep(0.01)
 
     t = time.time() - start
-    print("Resource completed at "+size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+    print(f"Resource completed at {size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
     yappi.get_func_stats().save("sender_main_calls.data", type="pstat")
     threads = yappi.get_thread_stats()
     for thread in threads:
         print(
-            "Function stats for (%s) (%d)" % (thread.name, thread.id)
+            f"Function stats for ({thread.name}) ({int(thread.id)})"
         )  # it is the Thread.__class__.__name__
-        yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save("sender_thread_"+str(thread.id)+".data", type="pstat")
+        yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save(f"sender_thread_{thread.id}.data", type="pstat")
 
     # t_pstats = yappi.convert2pstats(tstats)
     # t_pstats.save("resource_tstat.data", type="pstat")
 
     if hasattr(resource.link.attached_interface, "rxptime"):
         rx_pr = (resource.link.attached_interface.rxb*8)/resource.link.attached_interface.rxptime
-        print("Average RX proccessing rate: "+size_str(rx_pr, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Average RX proccessing rate: {size_str(rx_pr, 'b')}ps")
 
     l1.teardown()
     time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -791,9 +791,9 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"