Merge 011448c22d into 527f6cc906

Changelog.md

@@ -1214,7 +1214,7 @@ This beta release brings a range of improvements and bugfixes.
  - Improved documentation.
  - Improved request timeouts and handling.
  - Improved link establishment.
- - Improved resource transfer timing. 
+ - Improved resource transfer timing.
 
 **Fixed bugs**
  - Fixed a race condition in inbound proof handling.

Examples/Announce.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ noble_gases = ["Helium", "Neon", "Argon", "Krypton", "Xenon", "Radon", "Oganesso
 def program_setup(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our example
     identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def program_setup(configpath):
 
     # We register the announce handler with Reticulum
     RNS.Transport.register_announce_handler(announce_handler)
-    
+
     # Everything's ready!
     # Let's hand over control to the announce loop
     announceLoop(destination_1, destination_2)
@@ -86,16 +86,14 @@ def announceLoop(destination_1, destination_2):
     # know how to create messages directed towards it.
     while True:
         entered = input()
-        
+
         # Randomly select a fruit
         fruit = fruits[random.randint(0,len(fruits)-1)]
 
         # Send the announce including the app data
         destination_1.announce(app_data=fruit.encode("utf-8"))
         RNS.log(
-            "Sent announce from "+
+            f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_1.hash)} ({destination_1.name})"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_1.hash)+
-            " ("+destination_1.name+")"
         )
 
         # Randomly select a noble gas
@@ -104,9 +102,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination_1, destination_2):
         # Send the announce including the app data
         destination_2.announce(app_data=noble_gas.encode("utf-8"))
         RNS.log(
-            "Sent announce from "+
+            f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_2.hash)} ({destination_2.name})"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_2.hash)+
-            " ("+destination_2.name+")"
         )
 
 # We will need to define an announce handler class that
@@ -126,14 +122,12 @@ class ExampleAnnounceHandler:
     # and cannot use wildcards.
     def received_announce(self, destination_hash, announced_identity, app_data):
         RNS.log(
-            "Received an announce from "+
+            f"Received an announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)
         )
 
         if app_data:
             RNS.log(
-                "The announce contained the following app data: "+
+                f"The announce contained the following app data: {app_data.decode('utf-8')}"
-                app_data.decode("utf-8")
             )
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Broadcast.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 def program_setup(configpath, channel=None):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # If the user did not select a "channel" we use
     # a default one called "public_information".
     # This "channel" is added to the destination name-
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def program_setup(configpath, channel=None):
     # We specify a callback that will get called every time
     # the destination receives data.
     broadcast_destination.set_packet_callback(packet_callback)
-    
+
     # Everything's ready!
     # Let's hand over control to the main loop
     broadcastLoop(broadcast_destination)
@@ -48,15 +48,13 @@ def program_setup(configpath, channel=None):
 def packet_callback(data, packet):
     # Simply print out the received data
     print("")
-    print("Received data: "+data.decode("utf-8")+"\r\n> ", end="")
+    print(f"Received data: {data.decode('utf-8')}\r\n> ", end="")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 
 def broadcastLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Broadcast example "+
+        f"Broadcast example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, enter text and hit enter to broadcast (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, enter text and hit enter to broadcast (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.

Examples/Buffer.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ latest_buffer = None
 def server(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our example
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -61,9 +61,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link buffer example "+
+        f"Link buffer example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -75,7 +73,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -120,9 +118,9 @@ def server_buffer_ready(ready_bytes: int):
     data = latest_buffer.read(ready_bytes)
     data = data.decode("utf-8")
 
-    RNS.log("Received data over the buffer: " + data)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data over the buffer: {data}")
 
-    reply_message = "I received \""+data+"\" over the buffer"
+    reply_message = f"I received \"{data}\" over the buffer"
     reply_message = reply_message.encode("utf-8")
     latest_buffer.write(reply_message)
     latest_buffer.flush()
@@ -151,9 +149,9 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
-            
+
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
@@ -223,7 +221,7 @@ def client_loop():
 
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link buffer: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link buffer: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -253,7 +251,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
         RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
     else:
         RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-    
+
     RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
     time.sleep(1.5)
     os._exit(0)
@@ -262,7 +260,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 def client_buffer_ready(ready_bytes: int):
     global buffer
     data = buffer.read(ready_bytes)
-    RNS.log("Received data over the link buffer: " + data.decode("utf-8"))
+    RNS.log(f"Received data over the link buffer: {data.decode('utf-8')}")
     print("> ", end=" ")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Channel.py

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ latest_client_link = None
 def server(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -124,9 +124,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link example "+
+        f"Link example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -176,9 +174,9 @@ def server_message_received(message):
     #
     #
     if isinstance(message, StringMessage):
-        RNS.log("Received data on the link: " + message.data + " (message created at " + str(message.timestamp) + ")")
+        RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {message.data} (message created at {message.timestamp})")
 
-        reply_message = StringMessage("I received \""+message.data+"\" over the link")
+        reply_message = StringMessage(f"I received \"{message.data}\" over the link")
         latest_client_link.get_channel().send(reply_message)
 
         # Incoming messages are sent to each message
@@ -206,9 +204,9 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
-            
+
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
@@ -280,17 +278,14 @@ def client_loop():
                         channel.send(message)
                     else:
                         RNS.log(
-                            "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                            f"Cannot send this packet, the data size of {packed_size} bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of {channel.MDU} bytes",
-                            str(packed_size)+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
-                            str(channel.MDU)+" bytes",
                             RNS.LOG_ERROR
                         )
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Channel is not ready to send, please wait for " +
+                    RNS.log(f"Channel is not ready to send, please wait for pending messages to complete.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            "pending messages to complete.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -320,7 +315,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
         RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
     else:
         RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-    
+
     RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
     time.sleep(1.5)
     os._exit(0)
@@ -329,7 +324,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 # simply print out the data.
 def client_message_received(message):
     if isinstance(message, StringMessage):
-        RNS.log("Received data on the link: " + message.data + " (message created at " + str(message.timestamp) + ")")
+        RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {message.data} (message created at {message.timestamp})")
         print("> ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Echo.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our echo server
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def server(configpath):
     # create a "single" destination that can receive encrypted
     # messages. This way the client can send a request and be
     # certain that no-one else than this destination was able
-    # to read it. 
+    # to read it.
     echo_destination = RNS.Destination(
         server_identity,
         RNS.Destination.IN,
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def server(configpath):
     # generate a proof for each incoming packet and transmit it
     # back to the sender of that packet.
     echo_destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
-    
+
     # Tell the destination which function in our program to
     # run when a packet is received. We do this so we can
     # print a log message when the server receives a request
@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Echo server "+
+        f"Echo server {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -76,12 +74,12 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 
 def server_callback(message, packet):
     global reticulum
-    
+
     # Tell the user that we received an echo request, and
     # that we are going to send a reply to the requester.
     # Sending the proof is handled automatically, since we
@@ -93,19 +91,19 @@ def server_callback(message, packet):
         reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(packet.packet_hash)
 
         if reception_rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
-        
+
         if reception_snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dBm]"
 
     else:
         if packet.rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {packet.rssi} dBm]"
-        
-        if packet.snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(packet.snr)+" dB]"
 
-    RNS.log("Received packet from echo client, proof sent"+reception_stats)
+        if packet.snr != None:
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {packet.snr} dB]"
+
+    RNS.log(f"Received packet from echo client, proof sent{reception_stats}")
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -116,20 +114,20 @@ def server_callback(message, packet):
 # to run as a client
 def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
     global reticulum
-    
+
     # We need a binary representation of the destination
     # hash that was entered on the command line
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except Exception as e:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!")
-        RNS.log(str(e)+"\n")
+        RNS.log(f"{e}\n")
         exit()
 
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
@@ -142,9 +140,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
 
     # Tell the user that the client is ready!
     RNS.log(
-        "Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to "+
+        f"Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to {destination_hexhash} (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        destination_hexhash+
-        " (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the user exits.
@@ -153,7 +149,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
     # command line.
     while True:
         input()
-        
+
         # Let's first check if RNS knows a path to the destination.
         # If it does, we'll load the server identity and create a packet
         if RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
@@ -205,7 +201,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
             packet_receipt.set_delivery_callback(packet_delivered)
 
             # Tell the user that the echo request was sent
-            RNS.log("Sent echo request to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash))
+            RNS.log(f"Sent echo request to {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash)}")
         else:
             # If we do not know this destination, tell the
             # user to wait for an announce to arrive.
@@ -222,10 +218,10 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
         rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
         if (rtt >= 1):
             rtt = round(rtt, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} seconds"
         else:
             rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} milliseconds"
 
         reception_stats = ""
         if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -233,30 +229,27 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
             reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
 
             if reception_rssi != None:
-                reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+                reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
-            
+
             if reception_snr != None:
-                reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+                reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dB]"
 
         else:
             if receipt.proof_packet != None:
                 if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [RSSI {receipt.proof_packet.rssi} dBm]"
-                
+
                 if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [SNR {receipt.proof_packet.snr} dB]"
 
         RNS.log(
-            "Valid reply received from "+
+            f"Valid reply received from {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)}, round-trip time is {rttstring}{reception_stats}"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
-            ", round-trip time is "+rttstring+
-            reception_stats
         )
 
 # This function is called if a packet times out.
 def packet_timed_out(receipt):
     if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED:
-        RNS.log("Packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)+" timed out")
+        RNS.log(f"Packet {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)} timed out")
 
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Filetransfer.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ serve_path = None
 def server(configpath, path):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our file server
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def server(configpath, path):
 
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
-    RNS.log("File server "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running")
+    RNS.log(f"File server {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running")
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # Here's a convenience function for listing all files
 # in our served directory
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def client_connected(link):
             RNS.log("Too many files in served directory!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("You should implement a function to split the filelist over multiple packets.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Hint: The client already supports it :)", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
         # After this, we're just going to keep the link
         # open until the client requests a file. We'll
         # configure a function that get's called when
@@ -145,9 +145,9 @@ def client_request(message, packet):
         try:
             # If we have the requested file, we'll
             # read it and pack it as a resource
-            RNS.log("Client requested \""+filename+"\"")
+            RNS.log(f"Client requested \"{filename}\"")
             file = open(os.path.join(serve_path, filename), "rb")
-            
+
             file_resource = RNS.Resource(
                 file,
                 packet.link,
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def client_request(message, packet):
         except Exception as e:
             # If somethign went wrong, we close
             # the link
-            RNS.log("Error while reading file \""+filename+"\"", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while reading file \"{filename}\"", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             packet.link.teardown()
             raise e
     else:
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ def resource_sending_concluded(resource):
         name = "resource"
 
     if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-        RNS.log("Done sending \""+name+"\" to client")
+        RNS.log(f"Done sending \"{name}\" to client")
     elif resource.status == RNS.Resource.FAILED:
-        RNS.log("Sending \""+name+"\" to client failed")
+        RNS.log(f"Sending \"{name}\" to client failed")
 
 def list_delivered(receipt):
     RNS.log("The file list was received by the client")
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
-            
+
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ def download(filename):
     # packet receipt.
     request_packet = RNS.Packet(server_link, filename.encode("utf-8"), create_receipt=False)
     request_packet.send()
-    
+
     print("")
-    print(("Requested \""+filename+"\" from server, waiting for download to begin..."))
+    print(f"Requested \"{filename}\" from server, waiting for download to begin...")
     menu_mode = "download_started"
 
 # This function runs a simple menu for the user
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ def print_menu():
         while menu_mode == "downloading":
             global current_download
             percent = round(current_download.get_progress() * 100.0, 1)
-            print(("\rProgress: "+str(percent)+" %   "), end=' ')
+            print(f'\rProgress: {percent} %   ', end=' ')
             sys.stdout.flush()
             time.sleep(0.1)
 
@@ -383,15 +383,15 @@ def print_menu():
             # Print statistics
             hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
             minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
-            timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+            timestring = f"{int(hours):0>2}:{int(minutes):0>2}:{seconds:05.2f}"
             print("")
             print("")
             print("--- Statistics -----")
-            print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+            print(f"\tTime taken       : {timestring}")
-            print("\tFile size        : "+size_str(file_size))
+            print(f"\tFile size        : {size_str(file_size)}")
-            print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(transfer_size))
+            print(f"\tData transferred : {size_str(transfer_size)}")
-            print("\tEffective rate   : "+size_str(file_size/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print(f"\tEffective rate   : {size_str(file_size / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
-            print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(transfer_size/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print(f"\tTransfer rate    : {size_str(transfer_size / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
             print("")
             print("The download completed! Press enter to return to the menu.")
             print("")
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ def print_filelist():
     global server_files
     print("Files on server:")
     for index,file in enumerate(server_files):
-        print("\t("+str(index)+")\t"+file)
+        print(f"\t({index})\t{file}")
 
 def filelist_received(filelist_data, packet):
     global server_files, menu_mode
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
         RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
     else:
         RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-    
+
     RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
     time.sleep(1.5)
     os._exit(0)
@@ -486,17 +486,17 @@ def link_closed(link):
 def download_began(resource):
     global menu_mode, current_download, download_started, transfer_size, file_size
     current_download = resource
-    
+
     if download_started == 0:
         download_started = time.time()
-    
+
     transfer_size += resource.size
     file_size = resource.total_size
-    
+
     menu_mode = "downloading"
 
 # When the download concludes, successfully
-# or not, we'll update our menu state and 
+# or not, we'll update our menu state and
 # inform the user about how it all went.
 def download_concluded(resource):
     global menu_mode, current_filename, download_started, download_finished, download_time
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ def download_concluded(resource):
         counter = 0
         while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
             counter += 1
-            saved_filename = current_filename+"."+str(counter)
+            saved_filename = f"{current_filename}.{counter}"
 
         try:
             file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
@@ -534,9 +534,9 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1024.0:
-            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:3.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1024.0
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 # A convenience function for clearing the screen
 def clear_screen():

Examples/Identify.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ latest_client_link = None
 def server(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link identification example "+
+        f"Link identification example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ def client_disconnected(link):
     RNS.log("Client disconnected")
 
 def remote_identified(link, identity):
-    RNS.log("Remote identified as: "+str(identity))
+    RNS.log(f"Remote identified as: {identity}")
 
 def server_packet_received(message, packet):
     global latest_client_link
@@ -100,9 +98,9 @@ def server_packet_received(message, packet):
     # that connected.
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
 
-    RNS.log("Received data from "+remote_peer+": "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data from {remote_peer}: {text}")
-    
+
-    reply_text = "I received \""+text+"\" over the link from "+remote_peer
+    reply_text = f"I received \"{text}\" over the link from {remote_peer}"
     reply_data = reply_text.encode("utf-8")
     RNS.Packet(latest_client_link, reply_data).send()
 
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
@@ -141,8 +139,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
     # Create a new client identity
     client_identity = RNS.Identity()
     RNS.log(
-        "Client created new identity "+
+        f"Client created new identity {client_identity}"
-        str(client_identity)
     )
 
     # Check if we know a path to the destination
@@ -210,14 +207,12 @@ def client_loop():
                     RNS.Packet(server_link, data).send()
                 else:
                     RNS.log(
-                        "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                        f"Cannot send this packet, the data size of {len(data)} bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of {RNS.Link.MDU} bytes",
-                        str(len(data))+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
-                        str(RNS.Link.MDU)+" bytes",
                         RNS.LOG_ERROR
                     )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -244,7 +239,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
         RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
     else:
         RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-    
+
     RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
     time.sleep(1.5)
     os._exit(0)
@@ -253,7 +248,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 # simply print out the data.
 def client_packet_received(message, packet):
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
-    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {text}")
     print("> ", end=" ")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Link.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ latest_client_link = None
 def server(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Link example "+
+        f"Link example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -90,9 +88,9 @@ def server_packet_received(message, packet):
     # it will all be directed to the last client
     # that connected.
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
-    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {text}")
-    
+
-    reply_text = "I received \""+text+"\" over the link"
+    reply_text = f"I received \"{text}\" over the link"
     reply_data = reply_text.encode("utf-8")
     RNS.Packet(latest_client_link, reply_data).send()
 
@@ -113,9 +111,9 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
-            
+
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
@@ -189,14 +187,12 @@ def client_loop():
                     RNS.Packet(server_link, data).send()
                 else:
                     RNS.log(
-                        "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                        f"Cannot send this packet, the data size of {len(data)} bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of {RNS.Link.MDU} bytes",
-                        str(len(data))+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
-                        str(RNS.Link.MDU)+" bytes",
                         RNS.LOG_ERROR
                     )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending data over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -221,7 +217,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
         RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
     else:
         RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-    
+
     RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
     time.sleep(1.5)
     os._exit(0)
@@ -230,7 +226,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
 # simply print out the data.
 def client_packet_received(message, packet):
     text = message.decode("utf-8")
-    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    RNS.log(f"Received data on the link: {text}")
     print("> ", end=" ")
     sys.stdout.flush()
 

Examples/Minimal.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 def program_setup(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our example
     identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def program_setup(configpath):
     # tries to communicate with the destination know whether their
     # communication was received correctly.
     destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
-    
+
     # Everything's ready!
     # Let's hand over control to the announce loop
     announceLoop(destination)
@@ -51,9 +51,7 @@ def program_setup(configpath):
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Minimal example "+
+        f"Minimal example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Ratchets.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 
     # TODO: Remove
     RNS.loglevel = RNS.LOG_DEBUG
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our echo server
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def server(configpath):
     # create a "single" destination that can receive encrypted
     # messages. This way the client can send a request and be
     # certain that no-one else than this destination was able
-    # to read it. 
+    # to read it.
     echo_destination = RNS.Destination(
         server_identity,
         RNS.Destination.IN,
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def server(configpath):
     # generate a proof for each incoming packet and transmit it
     # back to the sender of that packet.
     echo_destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
-    
+
     # Tell the destination which function in our program to
     # run when a packet is received. We do this so we can
     # print a log message when the server receives a request
@@ -75,9 +75,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def announceLoop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Ratcheted echo server "+
+        f"Ratcheted echo server {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
@@ -87,12 +85,12 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 
 def server_callback(message, packet):
     global reticulum
-    
+
     # Tell the user that we received an echo request, and
     # that we are going to send a reply to the requester.
     # Sending the proof is handled automatically, since we
@@ -104,19 +102,19 @@ def server_callback(message, packet):
         reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(packet.packet_hash)
 
         if reception_rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
-        
+
         if reception_snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dBm]"
 
     else:
         if packet.rssi != None:
-            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {packet.rssi} dBm]"
-        
-        if packet.snr != None:
-            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(packet.snr)+" dB]"
 
-    RNS.log("Received packet from echo client, proof sent"+reception_stats)
+        if packet.snr != None:
+            reception_stats += f" [SNR {packet.snr} dB]"
+
+    RNS.log(f"Received packet from echo client, proof sent{reception_stats}")
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -127,20 +125,20 @@ def server_callback(message, packet):
 # to run as a client
 def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
     global reticulum
-    
+
     # We need a binary representation of the destination
     # hash that was entered on the command line
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
 
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except Exception as e:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!")
-        RNS.log(str(e)+"\n")
+        RNS.log(f"{e}\n")
         exit()
 
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
@@ -153,9 +151,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
 
     # Tell the user that the client is ready!
     RNS.log(
-        "Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to "+
+        f"Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to {destination_hexhash} (Ctrl-C to quit)"
-        destination_hexhash+
-        " (Ctrl-C to quit)"
     )
 
     # We enter a loop that runs until the user exits.
@@ -164,7 +160,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
     # command line.
     while True:
         input()
-        
+
         # Let's first check if RNS knows a path to the destination.
         # If it does, we'll load the server identity and create a packet
         if RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
@@ -217,7 +213,7 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
             packet_receipt.set_delivery_callback(packet_delivered)
 
             # Tell the user that the echo request was sent
-            RNS.log("Sent echo request to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash))
+            RNS.log(f"Sent echo request to {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash)}")
         else:
             # If we do not know this destination, tell the
             # user to wait for an announce to arrive.
@@ -234,10 +230,10 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
         rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
         if (rtt >= 1):
             rtt = round(rtt, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} seconds"
         else:
             rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
-            rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+            rttstring = f"{rtt} milliseconds"
 
         reception_stats = ""
         if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -245,30 +241,27 @@ def packet_delivered(receipt):
             reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
 
             if reception_rssi != None:
-                reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+                reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
-            
+
             if reception_snr != None:
-                reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+                reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dB]"
 
         else:
             if receipt.proof_packet != None:
                 if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [RSSI {receipt.proof_packet.rssi} dBm]"
-                
+
                 if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
-                    reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+                    reception_stats += f" [SNR {receipt.proof_packet.snr} dB]"
 
         RNS.log(
-            "Valid reply received from "+
+            f"Valid reply received from {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)}, round-trip time is {rttstring}{reception_stats}"
-            RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
-            ", round-trip time is "+rttstring+
-            reception_stats
         )
 
 # This function is called if a packet times out.
 def packet_timed_out(receipt):
     if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED:
-        RNS.log("Packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)+" timed out")
+        RNS.log(f"Packet {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)} timed out")
 
 
 ##########################################################

Examples/Request.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 latest_client_link = None
 
 def random_text_generator(path, data, request_id, link_id, remote_identity, requested_at):
-    RNS.log("Generating response to request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" on link "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link_id))
+    RNS.log(f"Generating response to request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} on link {RNS.prettyhexrep(link_id)}")
     texts = ["They looked up", "On each full moon", "Becky was upset", "I’ll stay away from it", "The pet shop stocks everything"]
     return texts[random.randint(0, len(texts)-1)]
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def random_text_generator(path, data, request_id, link_id, remote_identity, requ
 def server(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -67,9 +67,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Request example "+
+        f"Request example {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -113,9 +111,9 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
-            
+
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
@@ -187,7 +185,7 @@ def client_loop():
 
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while sending request over the link: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"Error while sending request over the link: {e}")
             should_quit = True
             server_link.teardown()
 
@@ -195,13 +193,13 @@ def got_response(request_receipt):
     request_id = request_receipt.request_id
     response = request_receipt.response
 
-    RNS.log("Got response for request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+": "+str(response))
+    RNS.log(f"Got response for request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)}: {response}")
 
 def request_received(request_receipt):
-    RNS.log("The request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)+" was received by the remote peer.")
+    RNS.log(f"The request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)} was received by the remote peer.")
 
 def request_failed(request_receipt):
-    RNS.log("The request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)+" failed.")
+    RNS.log(f"The request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)} failed.")
 
 
 # This function is called when a link
@@ -225,7 +223,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
         RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
     else:
         RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-    
+
     RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
     time.sleep(1.5)
     os._exit(0)

Examples/Speedtest.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ printed = False
 def server(configpath):
     # We must first initialise Reticulum
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-    
+
     # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
     server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
@@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ def server(configpath):
 def server_loop(destination):
     # Let the user know that everything is ready
     RNS.log(
-        "Speedtest "+
+        f"Speedtest {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)} running, waiting for a connection."
-        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
-        " running, waiting for a connection."
     )
 
     RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ def server_loop(destination):
     while True:
         entered = input()
         destination.announce()
-        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Sent announce from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
@@ -108,16 +106,16 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1024.0:
-            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:3.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1024.0
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 
 def server_packet_received(message, packet):
     global latest_client_link, first_packet_at, last_packet_at, received_data, rc, data_cap
-    
+
     received_data += len(packet.data)
-    
+
     rc += 1
     if rc >= 50:
         RNS.log(size_str(received_data))
@@ -129,19 +127,19 @@ def server_packet_received(message, packet):
         rc = 0
 
         last_packet_at = time.time()
-        
+
         # Print statistics
         download_time = last_packet_at-first_packet_at
         hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
         minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
-        timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+        timestring = f"{int(hours):0>2}:{int(minutes):0>2}:{seconds:05.2f}"
 
         print("")
         print("")
         print("--- Statistics -----")
-        print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+        print(f"\tTime taken       : {timestring}")
-        print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(rcv_d))
+        print(f"\tData transferred : {size_str(rcv_d)}")
-        print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(rcv_d/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+        print(f"\tTransfer rate    : {size_str(rcv_d / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
         print("")
 
         sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -169,9 +167,9 @@ def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2)
+                f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes)."
             )
-            
+
         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
     except:
         RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
@@ -260,13 +258,13 @@ def link_established(link):
             download_time = ended-started
             hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
             minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
-            timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+            timestring = f"{int(hours):0>2}:{int(minutes):0>2}:{seconds:05.2f}"
             print("")
             print("")
             print("--- Statistics -----")
-            print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+            print(f"\tTime taken       : {timestring}")
-            print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(data_sent))
+            print(f"\tData transferred : {size_str(data_sent)}")
-            print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(data_sent/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print(f"\tTransfer rate    : {size_str(data_sent / download_time, suffix='b')}/s")
             print("")
 
             sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -282,7 +280,7 @@ def link_closed(link):
         RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
     else:
         RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-    
+
     RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
 
     time.sleep(1.5)

README.md

@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ network, and vice versa.
 
 ## How do I get started?
 The best way to get started with the Reticulum Network Stack depends on what
-you want to do. For full details and examples, have a look at the 
+you want to do. For full details and examples, have a look at the
-[Getting Started Fast](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/gettingstartedfast.html) 
+[Getting Started Fast](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/gettingstartedfast.html)
 section of the [Reticulum Manual](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/).
 
 To simply install Reticulum and related utilities on your system, the easiest way is via `pip`.
@@ -143,15 +143,15 @@ creating a more complex configuration.
 
 If you have an old version of `pip` on your system, you may need to upgrade it first with `pip install pip --upgrade`. If you no not already have `pip` installed, you can install it using the package manager of your system with `sudo apt install python3-pip` or similar.
 
-For more detailed examples on how to expand communication over many mediums such 
+For more detailed examples on how to expand communication over many mediums such
-as packet radio or LoRa, serial ports, or over fast IP links and the Internet using 
+as packet radio or LoRa, serial ports, or over fast IP links and the Internet using
-the UDP and TCP interfaces, take a look at the [Supported Interfaces](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/interfaces.html) 
+the UDP and TCP interfaces, take a look at the [Supported Interfaces](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/interfaces.html)
 section of the [Reticulum Manual](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/).
 
 ## Included Utilities
-Reticulum includes a range of useful utilities for managing your networks, 
+Reticulum includes a range of useful utilities for managing your networks,
-viewing status and information, and other tasks. You can read more about these 
+viewing status and information, and other tasks. You can read more about these
-programs in the [Included Utility Programs](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/using.html#included-utility-programs) 
+programs in the [Included Utility Programs](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/using.html#included-utility-programs)
 section of the [Reticulum Manual](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/).
 
 - The system daemon `rnsd` for running Reticulum as an always-available service
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ The testnet is just that, an informal network for testing and experimenting.
 It will be up most of the time, and anyone can join, but it also means that
 there's no guarantees for service availability.
 
-It probably goes without saying, but *don't use the testnet entry-points as 
+It probably goes without saying, but *don't use the testnet entry-points as
 hardcoded or default interfaces in any applications you ship to users*. When
 shipping applications, the best practice is to provide your own default
 connectivity solutions, if needed and applicable, or in most cases, simply

RNS/Buffer.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class StreamDataMessage(MessageBase):
             raise ValueError("stream_id must be 0-16383")
         self.stream_id = stream_id
         self.compressed = compressed
-        self.data = data or bytes()
+        self.data = data or b''
         self.eof = eof
 
     def pack(self) -> bytes:
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class StreamDataMessage(MessageBase):
             raise ValueError("stream_id")
 
         header_val = (0x3fff & self.stream_id) | (0x8000 if self.eof else 0x0000) | (0x4000 if self.compressed > 0 else 0x0000)
-        return bytes(struct.pack(">H", header_val) + (self.data if self.data else bytes()))
+        return bytes(struct.pack(">H", header_val) + (self.data if self.data else b''))
 
     def unpack(self, raw):
         self.stream_id = struct.unpack(">H", raw[:2])[0]
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class RawChannelReader(RawIOBase, AbstractContextManager):
                         try:
                             threading.Thread(target=listener, name="Message Callback", args=[len(self._buffer)], daemon=True).start()
                         except Exception as ex:
-                            RNS.log("Error calling RawChannelReader(" + str(self._stream_id) + ") callback: " + str(ex), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error calling RawChannelReader({self._stream_id}) callback: {ex}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     return True
         return False
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class RawChannelWriter(RawIOBase, AbstractContextManager):
                 processed_length = len(chunk)
 
             message = StreamDataMessage(self._stream_id, chunk, self._eof, comp_success)
-            
+
             self._channel.send(message)
             return processed_length
 
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class RawChannelWriter(RawIOBase, AbstractContextManager):
             time.sleep(0.05)
 
         self._eof = True
-        self.write(bytes())
+        self.write(b'')
 
     def __enter__(self):
         return self

RNS/Channel.py

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class MessageBase(abc.ABC):
     MSGTYPE = None
     """
     Defines a unique identifier for a message class.
-    
+
     * Must be unique within all classes registered with a ``Channel``
     * Must be less than ``0xf000``. Values greater than or equal to ``0xf000`` are reserved.
     """
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class Envelope:
     Internal wrapper used to transport messages over a channel and
     track its state within the channel framework.
     """
-    def unpack(self, message_factories: dict[int, Type]) -> MessageBase:
+    def unpack(self, message_factories: dict[int, type]) -> MessageBase:
         msgtype, self.sequence, length = struct.unpack(">HHH", self.raw[:6])
         raw = self.raw[6:]
         ctor = message_factories.get(msgtype, None)
@@ -247,11 +247,11 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
 
     # The maximum window size for transfers on fast links
     WINDOW_MAX_FAST      = 48
-    
+
     # For calculating maps and guard segments, this
     # must be set to the global maximum window.
     WINDOW_MAX           = WINDOW_MAX_FAST
-    
+
     # If the fast rate is sustained for this many request
     # rounds, the fast link window size will be allowed.
     FAST_RATE_THRESHOLD  = 10
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
         self._message_callbacks: [MessageCallbackType] = []
         self._next_sequence = 0
         self._next_rx_sequence = 0
-        self._message_factories: dict[int, Type[MessageBase]] = {}
+        self._message_factories: dict[int, type[MessageBase]] = {}
         self._max_tries = 5
         self.fast_rate_rounds    = 0
         self.medium_rate_rounds  = 0
@@ -301,12 +301,12 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
     def __enter__(self) -> Channel:
         return self
 
-    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: Type[BaseException] | None, __exc_value: BaseException | None,
+    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, __exc_value: BaseException | None,
                  __traceback: TracebackType | None) -> bool | None:
         self._shutdown()
         return False
 
-    def register_message_type(self, message_class: Type[MessageBase]):
+    def register_message_type(self, message_class: type[MessageBase]):
         """
         Register a message class for reception over a ``Channel``.
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
         """
         self._register_message_type(message_class, is_system_type=False)
 
-    def _register_message_type(self, message_class: Type[MessageBase], *, is_system_type: bool = False):
+    def _register_message_type(self, message_class: type[MessageBase], *, is_system_type: bool = False):
         with self._lock:
             if not issubclass(message_class, MessageBase):
                 raise ChannelException(CEType.ME_INVALID_MSG_TYPE,
@@ -380,21 +380,21 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
     def _emplace_envelope(self, envelope: Envelope, ring: collections.deque[Envelope]) -> bool:
         with self._lock:
             i = 0
-            
+
             for existing in ring:
 
                 if envelope.sequence == existing.sequence:
-                    RNS.log(f"Envelope: Emplacement of duplicate envelope with sequence "+str(envelope.sequence), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"Envelope: Emplacement of duplicate envelope with sequence {envelope.sequence}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                     return False
-                
+
                 if envelope.sequence < existing.sequence and not (self._next_rx_sequence - envelope.sequence) > (Channel.SEQ_MAX//2):
                     ring.insert(i, envelope)
 
                     envelope.tracked = True
                     return True
-                
+
                 i += 1
-            
+
             envelope.tracked = True
             ring.append(envelope)
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
                 if cb(message):
                     return
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Channel "+str(self)+" experienced an error while running a message callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Channel {self} experienced an error while running a message callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def _receive(self, raw: bytes):
         try:
@@ -420,16 +420,16 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
                     window_overflow = (self._next_rx_sequence+Channel.WINDOW_MAX) % Channel.SEQ_MODULUS
                     if window_overflow < self._next_rx_sequence:
                         if envelope.sequence > window_overflow:
-                            RNS.log("Invalid packet sequence ("+str(envelope.sequence)+") received on channel "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Invalid packet sequence ({envelope.sequence}) received on channel {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                             return
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Invalid packet sequence ("+str(envelope.sequence)+") received on channel "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Invalid packet sequence ({envelope.sequence}) received on channel {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         return
 
                 is_new = self._emplace_envelope(envelope, self._rx_ring)
 
             if not is_new:
-                RNS.log("Duplicate message received on channel "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                RNS.log(f"Duplicate message received on channel {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 return
             else:
                 with self._lock:
@@ -449,12 +449,12 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
                             m = e.unpack(self._message_factories)
                         else:
                             m = e.message
-                            
+
                         self._rx_ring.remove(e)
                         self._run_callbacks(m)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("An error ocurred while receiving data on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while receiving data on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def is_ready_to_send(self) -> bool:
         """
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
         with self._lock:
             outstanding = 0
             for envelope in self._tx_ring:
-                if envelope.outlet == self._outlet: 
+                if envelope.outlet == self._outlet:
                     if not envelope.packet or not self._outlet.get_packet_state(envelope.packet) == MessageState.MSGSTATE_DELIVERED:
                         outstanding += 1
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
                                     # TODO: Remove at some point
                                     # RNS.log("Increased "+str(self)+" max window to "+str(self.window_max), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     # RNS.log("Increased "+str(self)+" min window to "+str(self.window_min), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                            
+
                         else:
                             self.fast_rate_rounds += 1
                             if self.window_max < Channel.WINDOW_MAX_FAST and self.fast_rate_rounds == Channel.FAST_RATE_THRESHOLD:
@@ -520,9 +520,9 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
 
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Envelope not found in TX ring for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"Envelope not found in TX ring for {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
         if not envelope:
-            RNS.log("Spurious message received on "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Spurious message received on {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
     def _packet_delivered(self, packet: TPacket):
         self._packet_tx_op(packet, lambda env: True)
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
     def _packet_timeout(self, packet: TPacket):
         def retry_envelope(envelope: Envelope) -> bool:
             if envelope.tries >= self._max_tries:
-                RNS.log("Retry count exceeded on "+str(self)+", tearing down Link.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Retry count exceeded on {self}, tearing down Link.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self._shutdown()  # start on separate thread?
                 self._outlet.timed_out()
                 return True
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
         with self._lock:
             if not self.is_ready_to_send():
                 raise ChannelException(CEType.ME_LINK_NOT_READY, f"Link is not ready")
-        
+
             envelope = Envelope(self._outlet, message=message, sequence=self._next_sequence)
             self._next_sequence = (self._next_sequence + 1) % Channel.SEQ_MODULUS
             self._emplace_envelope(envelope, self._tx_ring)
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ class Channel(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
         envelope.pack()
         if len(envelope.raw) > self._outlet.mdu:
             raise ChannelException(CEType.ME_TOO_BIG, f"Packed message too big for packet: {len(envelope.raw)} > {self._outlet.mdu}")
-        
+
         envelope.packet = self._outlet.send(envelope.raw)
         envelope.tries += 1
         self._outlet.set_packet_delivered_callback(envelope.packet, self._packet_delivered)

RNS/Cryptography/AES.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import RNS.vendor.platformutils as pu
 
 if cp.PROVIDER == cp.PROVIDER_INTERNAL:
     from .aes import AES
-    
+
 elif cp.PROVIDER == cp.PROVIDER_PYCA:
     from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class AES_128_CBC:
                 cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(key), modes.CBC(iv))
             else:
                 cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(key), modes.CBC(iv), backend=default_backend())
-            
+
             encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
             ciphertext = encryptor.update(plaintext) + encryptor.finalize()
             return ciphertext

RNS/Cryptography/Fernet.py

@@ -48,15 +48,15 @@ class Fernet():
             raise ValueError("Token key cannot be None")
 
         if len(key) != 32:
-            raise ValueError("Token key must be 32 bytes, not "+str(len(key)))
+            raise ValueError(f"Token key must be 32 bytes, not {len(key)}")
-            
+
         self._signing_key = key[:16]
         self._encryption_key = key[16:]
 
 
     def verify_hmac(self, token):
         if len(token) <= 32:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot verify HMAC on token of only "+str(len(token))+" bytes")
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot verify HMAC on token of only {len(token)} bytes")
         else:
             received_hmac = token[-32:]
             expected_hmac = HMAC.new(self._signing_key, token[:-32]).digest()

RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class HMAC:
         """
 
         if not isinstance(key, (bytes, bytearray)):
-            raise TypeError("key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got %r" % type(key).__name__)
+            raise TypeError(f"key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got {type(key).__name__!r}")
 
         if not digestmod:
             raise TypeError("Missing required parameter 'digestmod'.")
@@ -60,13 +60,11 @@ class HMAC:
         if hasattr(self._inner, 'block_size'):
             blocksize = self._inner.block_size
             if blocksize < 16:
-                _warnings.warn('block_size of %d seems too small; using our '
+                _warnings.warn(f'block_size of {int(blocksize)} seems too small; using our default of {int(self.blocksize)}.',
-                               'default of %d.' % (blocksize, self.blocksize),
                                RuntimeWarning, 2)
                 blocksize = self.blocksize
         else:
-            _warnings.warn('No block_size attribute on given digest object; '
+            _warnings.warn(f'No block_size attribute on given digest object; Assuming {int(self.blocksize)}.',
-                           'Assuming %d.' % (self.blocksize),
                            RuntimeWarning, 2)
             blocksize = self.blocksize
 

RNS/Cryptography/PKCS7.py

@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ class PKCS7:
         l = len(data)
         n = data[-1]
         if n > bs:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot unpad, invalid padding length of "+str(n)+" bytes")
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot unpad, invalid padding length of {n} bytes")
         else:
             return data[:l-n]

RNS/Cryptography/Provider.py

@@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ def backend():
     elif PROVIDER == PROVIDER_INTERNAL:
         return "internal"
     elif PROVIDER == PROVIDER_PYCA:
-        return "openssl, PyCA "+str(pyca_v)
+        return f"openssl, PyCA {pyca_v}"

RNS/Cryptography/SHA256.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import sys
 def new(m=None):
     return sha256(m)
 
-class sha256(object):
+class sha256:
     _k = (0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5,
           0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1, 0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5,
           0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
@@ -48,34 +48,34 @@ class sha256(object):
     _h = (0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a,
           0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c, 0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19)
     _output_size = 8
-    
+
     blocksize = 1
     block_size = 64
     digest_size = 32
-    
+
-    def __init__(self, m=None):        
+    def __init__(self, m=None):
         self._buffer = b""
         self._counter = 0
-        
+
         if m is not None:
             if type(m) is not bytes:
-                raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, type(m).__name__))
+                raise TypeError(f'{self.__class__.__name__}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
             self.update(m)
-        
+
     def _rotr(self, x, y):
         return ((x >> y) | (x << (32-y))) & 0xFFFFFFFF
-                    
+
     def _sha256_process(self, c):
         w = [0]*64
         w[0:16] = struct.unpack('!16L', c)
-        
+
         for i in range(16, 64):
             s0 = self._rotr(w[i-15], 7) ^ self._rotr(w[i-15], 18) ^ (w[i-15] >> 3)
             s1 = self._rotr(w[i-2], 17) ^ self._rotr(w[i-2], 19) ^ (w[i-2] >> 10)
             w[i] = (w[i-16] + s0 + w[i-7] + s1) & 0xFFFFFFFF
-        
+
         a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h = self._h
-        
+
         for i in range(64):
             s0 = self._rotr(a, 2) ^ self._rotr(a, 13) ^ self._rotr(a, 22)
             maj = (a & b) ^ (a & c) ^ (b & c)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class sha256(object):
             s1 = self._rotr(e, 6) ^ self._rotr(e, 11) ^ self._rotr(e, 25)
             ch = (e & f) ^ ((~e) & g)
             t1 = h + s1 + ch + self._k[i] + w[i]
-            
+
             h = g
             g = f
             f = e
@@ -92,38 +92,38 @@ class sha256(object):
             c = b
             b = a
             a = (t1 + t2) & 0xFFFFFFFF
-            
+
         self._h = [(x+y) & 0xFFFFFFFF for x,y in zip(self._h, [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h])]
-        
+
     def update(self, m):
         if not m:
             return
 
         if type(m) is not bytes:
-            raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, type(m).__name__))
+            raise TypeError(f'{sys._getframe().f_code.co_name}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
-        
+
         self._buffer += m
         self._counter += len(m)
-        
+
         while len(self._buffer) >= 64:
             self._sha256_process(self._buffer[:64])
             self._buffer = self._buffer[64:]
-            
+
     def digest(self):
         mdi = self._counter & 0x3F
         length = struct.pack('!Q', self._counter<<3)
-        
+
         if mdi < 56:
             padlen = 55-mdi
         else:
             padlen = 119-mdi
-        
+
         r = self.copy()
         r.update(b'\x80'+(b'\x00'*padlen)+length)
         return b''.join([struct.pack('!L', i) for i in r._h[:self._output_size]])
-        
+
     def hexdigest(self):
         return self.digest().encode('hex')
-        
+
     def copy(self):
         return copy.deepcopy(self)

RNS/Cryptography/SHA512.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import copy, struct, sys
 def new(m=None):
     return sha512(m)
 
-class sha512(object):
+class sha512:
     _k = (0x428a2f98d728ae22, 0x7137449123ef65cd, 0xb5c0fbcfec4d3b2f, 0xe9b5dba58189dbbc,
           0x3956c25bf348b538, 0x59f111f1b605d019, 0x923f82a4af194f9b, 0xab1c5ed5da6d8118,
           0xd807aa98a3030242, 0x12835b0145706fbe, 0x243185be4ee4b28c, 0x550c7dc3d5ffb4e2,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class sha512(object):
 
         if m is not None:
             if type(m) is not bytes:
-                raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, type(m).__name__))
+                raise TypeError(f'{self.__class__.__name__}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
             self.update(m)
 
     def _rotr(self, x, y):
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class sha512(object):
         if not m:
             return
         if type(m) is not bytes:
-            raise TypeError('%s() argument 1 must be bytes, not %s' % (sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, type(m).__name__))
+            raise TypeError(f'{sys._getframe().f_code.co_name}() argument 1 must be bytes, not {type(m).__name__}')
 
         self._buffer += m
         self._counter += len(m)

RNS/Cryptography/X25519.py

@@ -138,9 +138,9 @@ class X25519PrivateKey:
             peer_public_key = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(peer_public_key)
 
         start = time.time()
-        
+
         shared = _pack_number(_raw_curve25519(peer_public_key.x, self.a))
-        
+
         end = time.time()
         duration = end-start
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class X25519PrivateKey:
         if end > X25519PrivateKey.T_CLEAR:
             X25519PrivateKey.T_CLEAR = end + X25519PrivateKey.DELAY_WINDOW
             X25519PrivateKey.T_MAX = 0
-        
+
         if duration < X25519PrivateKey.T_MAX or duration < X25519PrivateKey.MIN_EXEC_TIME:
             target = start+X25519PrivateKey.T_MAX
 

RNS/Cryptography/__init__.py

@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ elif cp.PROVIDER == cp.PROVIDER_PYCA:
     from RNS.Cryptography.Proxies import Ed25519PrivateKeyProxy as Ed25519PrivateKey
     from RNS.Cryptography.Proxies import Ed25519PublicKeyProxy as Ed25519PublicKey
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Cryptography/aes/aes.py

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class AES:
         return matrix2bytes(state)
 
 
-    # will encrypt the entire data 
+    # will encrypt the entire data
     def encrypt(self, plaintext, iv):
         """
         Encrypts `plaintext` using CBC mode and PKCS#7 padding, with the given
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class AES:
         return b''.join(ciphertext_blocks)
 
 
-    # will decrypt the entire data 
+    # will decrypt the entire data
     def decrypt(self, ciphertext, iv):
         """
         Decrypts `ciphertext` using CBC mode and PKCS#7 padding, with the given
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class AES:
         for ciphertext_block in split_blocks(ciphertext):
             # in CBC mode every block is XOR'd with the previous block
             xorred = xor_bytes(previous, self._decrypt_block(ciphertext_block))
-            
+
             # append plaintext
             plaintext_blocks.append(xorred)
             previous = ciphertext_block
@@ -223,14 +223,14 @@ def test():
     print("Single Block Tests")
     print("------------------")
     print(f"iv: {iv.hex()}")
-    
+
     print(f"plain text: '{single_block_text.decode()}'")
     ciphertext_block = _aes._encrypt_block(single_block_text)
     plaintext_block = _aes._decrypt_block(ciphertext_block)
     print(f"Ciphertext Hex: {ciphertext_block.hex()}")
     print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext_block.decode()}")
     assert plaintext_block == single_block_text
-    print(bcolors.OK + "Single Block Test Passed Successfully" + bcolors.RESET)
+    print(f"{bcolors.OK}Single Block Test Passed Successfully{bcolors.RESET}")
     print()
 
     # test a less than a block length phrase
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def test():
     print(f"Ciphertext Hex: {ciphertext_short.hex()}")
     print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext_short.decode()}")
     assert short_text == plaintext_short
-    print(bcolors.OK + "Short Text Test Passed Successfully" + bcolors.RESET)
+    print(f"{bcolors.OK}Short Text Test Passed Successfully{bcolors.RESET}")
     print()
 
     # test an arbitrary length phrase
@@ -262,10 +262,10 @@ def test():
     print(f"Ciphertext Hex: {ciphertext.hex()}")
     print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext.decode()}")
     assert text == plaintext
-    print(bcolors.OK + "Arbitrary Length Text Test Passed Successfully" + bcolors.RESET)
+    print(f"{bcolors.OK}Arbitrary Length Text Test Passed Successfully{bcolors.RESET}")
     print()
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # test AES class
-    test()    
+    test()

RNS/Cryptography/pure25519/basic.py

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def encodepoint(P):
     assert 0 <= y < (1<<255) # always < 0x7fff..ff
     if x & 1:
         y += 1<<255
-    return binascii.unhexlify("%064x" % y)[::-1]
+    return binascii.unhexlify(f"{y:064x}")[::-1]
 
 def isoncurve(P):
     x = P[0]
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ def password_to_scalar(pw):
 def scalar_to_bytes(y):
     y = y % L
     assert 0 <= y < 2**256
-    return binascii.unhexlify("%064x" % y)[::-1]
+    return binascii.unhexlify(f"{y:064x}")[::-1]
 
 # Elements, of various orders
 

RNS/Cryptography/pure25519/ed25519_oop.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class BadPrefixError(Exception):
 def remove_prefix(s_bytes, prefix):
     assert(type(s_bytes) == type(prefix))
     if s_bytes[:len(prefix)] != prefix:
-        raise BadPrefixError("did not see expected '%s' prefix" % (prefix,))
+        raise BadPrefixError(f"did not see expected '{prefix}' prefix")
     return s_bytes[len(prefix):]
 
 def to_ascii(s_bytes, prefix="", encoding="base64"):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def from_ascii(s_ascii, prefix="", encoding="base64"):
         raise NotImplementedError
     return s_bytes
 
-class SigningKey(object):
+class SigningKey:
     # this can only be used to reconstruct a key created by create_keypair().
     def __init__(self, sk_s, prefix="", encoding=None):
         assert isinstance(sk_s, bytes)
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class SigningKey(object):
             return to_ascii(sig_out, prefix, encoding)
         return prefix+sig_out
 
-class VerifyingKey(object):
+class VerifyingKey:
     def __init__(self, vk_s, prefix="", encoding=None):
         if not isinstance(prefix, bytes):
             prefix = prefix.encode('ascii')

RNS/Cryptography/pure25519/eddsa.py

@@ -78,16 +78,16 @@ def sign(skbytes, msg):
     """Return just the signature, given the message and just the secret
     key."""
     if len(skbytes) != 32:
-        raise ValueError("Bad signing key length %d" % len(skbytes))
+        raise ValueError(f"Bad signing key length {len(skbytes)}")
     vkbytes = create_verifying_key(skbytes)
     sig = signature(msg, skbytes, vkbytes)
     return sig
 
 def verify(vkbytes, sig, msg):
     if len(vkbytes) != 32:
-        raise ValueError("Bad verifying key length %d" % len(vkbytes))
+        raise ValueError(f"Bad verifying key length {len(vkbytes)}")
     if len(sig) != 64:
-        raise ValueError("Bad signature length %d" % len(sig))
+        raise ValueError(f"Bad signature length {len(sig)}")
     rc = checkvalid(sig, msg, vkbytes)
     if not rc:
         raise ValueError("rc != 0", rc)

RNS/Destination.py

@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ class Destination:
         name = app_name
         for aspect in aspects:
             if "." in aspect: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in aspects")
-            name += "." + aspect
+            name += f".{aspect}"
 
         if identity != None:
-            name += "." + identity.hexhash
+            name += f".{identity.hexhash}"
 
         return name
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class Destination:
 
     def __init__(self, identity, direction, type, app_name, *aspects):
         # Check input values and build name string
-        if "." in app_name: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in app names") 
+        if "." in app_name: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in app names")
         if not type in Destination.types: raise ValueError("Unknown destination type")
         if not direction in Destination.directions: raise ValueError("Unknown destination direction")
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class Destination:
         """
         :returns: A human-readable representation of the destination including addressable hash and full name.
         """
-        return "<"+self.name+"/"+self.hexhash+">"
+        return f"<{self.name}/{self.hexhash}>"
 
     def _clean_ratchets(self):
         if self.ratchets != None:
@@ -210,13 +210,13 @@ class Destination:
         except Exception as e:
             self.ratchets = None
             self.ratchets_path = None
-            raise OSError("Could not write ratchet file contents for "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise OSError(f"Could not write ratchet file contents for {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def rotate_ratchets(self):
         if self.ratchets != None:
             now = time.time()
             if now > self.latest_ratchet_time+self.ratchet_interval:
-                RNS.log("Rotating ratchets for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Rotating ratchets for {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 new_ratchet = RNS.Identity._generate_ratchet()
                 self.ratchets.insert(0, new_ratchet)
                 self.latest_ratchet_time = now
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class Destination:
                 self._persist_ratchets()
             return True
         else:
-            raise SystemError("Cannot rotate ratchet on "+str(self)+", ratchets are not enabled")
+            raise SystemError(f"Cannot rotate ratchet on {self}, ratchets are not enabled")
 
         return False
 
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class Destination:
 
         if self.direction != Destination.IN:
             raise TypeError("Only IN destination types can be announced")
-        
+
         ratchet = b""
         now = time.time()
         stale_responses = []
@@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ class Destination:
             # received via multiple paths. The difference in reception time will
             # potentially also be useful in determining characteristics of the
             # multiple available paths, and to choose the best one.
-            RNS.log("Using cached announce data for answering path request with tag "+RNS.prettyhexrep(tag), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Using cached announce data for answering path request with tag {RNS.prettyhexrep(tag)}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
             announce_data = self.path_responses[tag][1]
-        
+
         else:
             destination_hash = self.hash
             random_hash = RNS.Identity.get_random_hash()[0:5]+int(time.time()).to_bytes(5, "big")
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ class Destination:
                     returned_app_data = self.default_app_data()
                     if isinstance(returned_app_data, bytes):
                         app_data = returned_app_data
-            
+
             signed_data = self.hash+self.identity.get_public_key()+self.name_hash+random_hash+ratchet
             if app_data != None:
                 signed_data += app_data
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ class Destination:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.packet(plaintext, packet)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while executing receive callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing receive callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def incoming_link_request(self, data, packet):
         if self.accept_link_requests:
@@ -437,9 +437,9 @@ class Destination:
                 except Exception as e:
                     self.ratchets = None
                     self.ratchets_path = None
-                    raise OSError("Could not read ratchet file contents for "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    raise OSError(f"Could not read ratchet file contents for {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         else:
-            RNS.log("No existing ratchet data found, initialising new ratchet file for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"No existing ratchet data found, initialising new ratchet file for {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             self.ratchets = []
             self.ratchets_path = ratchets_path
             self._persist_ratchets()
@@ -464,11 +464,11 @@ class Destination:
             self._reload_ratchets(ratchets_path)
 
             # TODO: Remove at some point
-            RNS.log("Ratchets enabled on "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Ratchets enabled on {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             return True
 
         else:
-            raise ValueError("No ratchet file path specified for "+str(self))
+            raise ValueError(f"No ratchet file path specified for {self}")
 
     def enforce_ratchets(self):
         """
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class Destination:
         """
         if self.ratchets != None:
             self.__enforce_ratchets = True
-            RNS.log("Ratchets enforced on "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Ratchets enforced on {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             return True
         else:
             return False
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ class Destination:
                     return self.prv.encrypt(plaintext)
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not encrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             else:
                 raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
 
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ class Destination:
                     return self.prv.decrypt(ciphertext)
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not decrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             else:
                 raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
 

RNS/Identity.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Identity:
     @staticmethod
     def remember(packet_hash, destination_hash, public_key, app_data = None):
         if len(public_key) != Identity.KEYSIZE//8:
-            raise TypeError("Can't remember "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+", the public key size of "+str(len(public_key))+" is not valid.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise TypeError(f"Can't remember {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}, the public key size of {len(public_key)} is not valid.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         else:
             Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash] = [time.time(), packet_hash, public_key, app_data]
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class Identity:
         # save, but the only changes. It might be possible to
         # simply overwrite on exit now that every local client
         # disconnect triggers a data persist.
-        
+
         try:
             if hasattr(Identity, "saving_known_destinations"):
                 wait_interval = 0.2
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ class Identity:
             save_start = time.time()
 
             storage_known_destinations = {}
-            if os.path.isfile(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations"):
+            if os.path.isfile(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations"):
                 try:
-                    file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","rb")
+                    file = open(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations","rb")
                     storage_known_destinations = umsgpack.load(file)
                     file.close()
                 except:
@@ -166,32 +166,32 @@ class Identity:
                     if not destination_hash in Identity.known_destinations:
                         Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash] = storage_known_destinations[destination_hash]
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Skipped recombining known destinations from disk, since an error occurred: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                RNS.log(f"Skipped recombining known destinations from disk, since an error occurred: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
-            RNS.log("Saving "+str(len(Identity.known_destinations))+" known destinations to storage...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Saving {len(Identity.known_destinations)} known destinations to storage...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","wb")
+            file = open(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations","wb")
             umsgpack.dump(Identity.known_destinations, file)
             file.close()
 
             save_time = time.time() - save_start
             if save_time < 1:
-                time_str = str(round(save_time*1000,2))+"ms"
+                time_str = f"{round(save_time * 1000, 2)}ms"
             else:
-                time_str = str(round(save_time,2))+"s"
+                time_str = f"{round(save_time, 2)}s"
 
-            RNS.log("Saved known destinations to storage in "+time_str, RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Saved known destinations to storage in {time_str}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while saving known destinations to disk, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while saving known destinations to disk, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.trace_exception(e)
 
         Identity.saving_known_destinations = False
 
     @staticmethod
     def load_known_destinations():
-        if os.path.isfile(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations"):
+        if os.path.isfile(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations"):
             try:
-                file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","rb")
+                file = open(f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/known_destinations","rb")
                 loaded_known_destinations = umsgpack.load(file)
                 file.close()
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class Identity:
                     if len(known_destination) == RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8:
                         Identity.known_destinations[known_destination] = loaded_known_destinations[known_destination]
 
-                RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(Identity.known_destinations))+" known destination from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Loaded {len(Identity.known_destinations)} known destination from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Error loading known destinations from disk, file will be recreated on exit", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -278,8 +278,8 @@ class Identity:
                         hexhash = RNS.hexrep(destination_hash, delimit=False)
                         ratchet_data = {"ratchet": ratchet, "received": time.time()}
 
-                        ratchetdir = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/ratchets"
+                        ratchetdir = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/ratchets"
-                        
+
                         if not os.path.isdir(ratchetdir):
                             os.makedirs(ratchetdir)
 
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class Identity:
                         ratchet_file.close()
                         os.replace(outpath, finalpath)
 
-                
+
                 threading.Thread(target=persist_job, daemon=True).start()
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class Identity:
         RNS.log("Cleaning ratchets...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         try:
             now = time.time()
-            ratchetdir = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/ratchets"
+            ratchetdir = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/ratchets"
             if os.path.isdir(ratchetdir):
                 for filename in os.listdir(ratchetdir):
                     try:
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class Identity:
     @staticmethod
     def get_ratchet(destination_hash):
         if not destination_hash in Identity.known_ratchets:
-            ratchetdir = RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/ratchets"
+            ratchetdir = f"{RNS.Reticulum.storagepath}/ratchets"
             hexhash = RNS.hexrep(destination_hash, delimit=False)
             ratchet_path = f"{ratchetdir}/{hexhash}"
             if os.path.isfile(ratchet_path):
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ class Identity:
                         Identity.known_ratchets[destination_hash] = ratchet_data["ratchet"]
                     else:
                         return None
-                
+
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log(f"An error occurred while loading ratchet data for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} from storage.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -417,19 +417,19 @@ class Identity:
                         if packet.rssi != None or packet.snr != None:
                             signal_str = " ["
                             if packet.rssi != None:
-                                signal_str += "RSSI "+str(packet.rssi)+"dBm"
+                                signal_str += f"RSSI {packet.rssi}dBm"
                                 if packet.snr != None:
                                     signal_str += ", "
                             if packet.snr != None:
-                                signal_str += "SNR "+str(packet.snr)+"dB"
+                                signal_str += f"SNR {packet.snr}dB"
                             signal_str += "]"
                         else:
                             signal_str = ""
 
                         if hasattr(packet, "transport_id") and packet.transport_id != None:
-                            RNS.log("Valid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" "+str(packet.hops)+" hops away, received via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.transport_id)+" on "+str(packet.receiving_interface)+signal_str, RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Valid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} {packet.hops} hops away, received via {RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.transport_id)} on {packet.receiving_interface}{signal_str}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log("Valid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" "+str(packet.hops)+" hops away, received on "+str(packet.receiving_interface)+signal_str, RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                            RNS.log(f"Valid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} {packet.hops} hops away, received on {packet.receiving_interface}{signal_str}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                         if ratchet:
                             Identity._remember_ratchet(destination_hash, ratchet)
@@ -437,16 +437,16 @@ class Identity:
                         return True
 
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Received invalid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+": Destination mismatch.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Received invalid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}: Destination mismatch.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         return False
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Received invalid announce for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+": Invalid signature.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Received invalid announce for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}: Invalid signature.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     del announced_identity
                     return False
-        
+
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error occurred while validating announce. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while validating announce. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             return False
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -505,8 +505,8 @@ class Identity:
                 return True
             return False
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while saving identity to "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while saving identity to {path}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e))
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}")
 
     def __init__(self,create_keys=True):
         # Initialize keys to none
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ class Identity:
 
         self.update_hashes()
 
-        RNS.log("Identity keys created for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Identity keys created for {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
     def get_private_key(self):
         """
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ class Identity:
             self.prv           = X25519PrivateKey.from_private_bytes(self.prv_bytes)
             self.sig_prv_bytes = prv_bytes[Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2:]
             self.sig_prv       = Ed25519PrivateKey.from_private_bytes(self.sig_prv_bytes)
-            
+
             self.pub           = self.prv.public_key()
             self.pub_bytes     = self.pub.public_bytes()
 
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ class Identity:
         except Exception as e:
             raise e
             RNS.log("Failed to load identity key", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             return False
 
     def load_public_key(self, pub_bytes):
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ class Identity:
 
             self.update_hashes()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while loading public key, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while loading public key, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def update_hashes(self):
         self.hash = Identity.truncated_hash(self.get_public_key())
@@ -613,8 +613,8 @@ class Identity:
                 return self.load_private_key(prv_bytes)
             return False
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while loading identity from "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while loading identity from {path}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def get_salt(self):
         return self.hash
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ class Identity:
                 target_public_key = self.pub
 
             shared_key = ephemeral_key.exchange(target_public_key)
-            
+
             derived_key = RNS.Cryptography.hkdf(
                 length=32,
                 derive_from=shared_key,
@@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ class Identity:
                                 plaintext = fernet.decrypt(ciphertext)
                                 if ratchet_id_receiver:
                                     ratchet_id_receiver.latest_ratchet_id = ratchet_id
-                                
+
                                 break
-                            
+
                             except Exception as e:
                                 pass
 
                     if enforce_ratchets and plaintext == None:
-                        RNS.log("Decryption with ratchet enforcement by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)+" failed. Dropping packet.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Decryption with ratchet enforcement by {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)} failed. Dropping packet.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         if ratchet_id_receiver:
                             ratchet_id_receiver.latest_ratchet_id = None
                         return None
@@ -717,10 +717,10 @@ class Identity:
                             ratchet_id_receiver.latest_ratchet_id = None
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Decryption by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Decryption by {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     if ratchet_id_receiver:
                         ratchet_id_receiver.latest_ratchet_id = None
-                    
+
                 return plaintext;
             else:
                 RNS.log("Decryption failed because the token size was invalid.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
@@ -739,9 +739,9 @@ class Identity:
         """
         if self.sig_prv != None:
             try:
-                return self.sig_prv.sign(message)    
+                return self.sig_prv.sign(message)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("The identity "+str(self)+" could not sign the requested message. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The identity {self} could not sign the requested message. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 raise e
         else:
             raise KeyError("Signing failed because identity does not hold a private key")
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ class Identity:
             proof_data = signature
         else:
             proof_data = packet.packet_hash + signature
-        
+
         if destination == None:
             destination = packet.generate_proof_destination()
 

RNS/Interfaces/AX25KISSInterface.py

@@ -80,14 +80,14 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 564
-        
+
         self.pyserial = serial
         self.serial   = None
         self.owner    = owner
         self.name     = name
         self.src_call = callsign.upper().encode("ascii")
         self.src_ssid = ssid
-        self.dst_call = "APZRNS".encode("ascii")
+        self.dst_call = b"APZRNS"
         self.dst_ssid = 0
         self.port     = port
         self.speed    = speed
@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         self.flow_control_locked  = time.time()
 
         if (len(self.src_call) < 3 or len(self.src_call) > 6):
-            raise ValueError("Invalid callsign for "+str(self))
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid callsign for {self}")
 
         if (self.src_ssid < 0 or self.src_ssid > 15):
-            raise ValueError("Invalid SSID for "+str(self))
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid SSID for {self}")
 
         self.preamble    = preamble if preamble != None else 350;
         self.txtail      = txtail if txtail != None else 20;
@@ -124,16 +124,16 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring AX.25 KISS interface parameters...")
         self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
         self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface preamble to {preamble_ms} (command value {preamble})")
 
     def setTxTail(self, txtail):
         txtail_ms = txtail
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface TX tail to {txtail_ms} (command value {txtail})")
 
     def setPersistence(self, persistence):
         if persistence < 0:
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface persistence to {persistence}")
 
     def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
         slottime_ms = slottime
@@ -213,16 +213,16 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface slot time to {slottime_ms} (command value {slottime})")
 
     def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
             if (flow_control):
-                raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
                 if written != len(kiss_frame):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         self.interface_ready = True
-                    raise IOError("AX.25 interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(kiss_frame)))
+                    raise OSError(f"AX.25 interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(kiss_frame)}")
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
 
@@ -336,14 +336,14 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         if not self.interface_ready:
                             if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                 self.process_queue()
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
@@ -357,17 +357,17 @@ class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "AX25KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"AX25KISSInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/Android/KISSInterface.py

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
 
                 from usbserial4a import serial4a as serial
                 self.parity = "N"
-            
+
             else:
                 RNS.log("Could not load USB serial module for Android, KISS interface cannot be created.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
                 RNS.log("You can install this module by issuing: pip install usbserial4a", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
             raise SystemError("Android-specific interface was used on non-Android OS")
 
         super().__init__()
-        
+
         self.HW_MTU = 564
-        
+
         if beacon_data == None:
             beacon_data = ""
 
@@ -125,17 +125,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port "+self.port, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
         # Get device parameters
         from usb4a import usb
         device = usb.get_usb_device(self.port)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
             proxy = self.pyserial.get_serial_port
             if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                 # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                 proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.1
             elif vid == 0x10C4:
                 # Hardware parameters for SiLabs CP210x @ 115200 baud
-                self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 64 
+                self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 64
                 self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 12
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.012
             elif vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                 self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 100
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.1
 
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read buffer size set to "+RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read buffer size set to {RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read timeout set to {self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB write timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB write timeout set to {self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def configure_device(self):
         # Allow time for interface to initialise before config
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring KISS interface parameters...")
         self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
         self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface preamble to {preamble_ms} (command value {preamble})")
 
     def setTxTail(self, txtail):
         txtail_ms = txtail
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to {txtail_ms} (command value {txtail})")
 
     def setPersistence(self, persistence):
         if persistence < 0:
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface persistence to {persistence}")
 
     def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
         slottime_ms = slottime
@@ -255,16 +255,16 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface slot time to {slottime_ms} (command value {slottime})")
 
     def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
             if (flow_control):
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                         self.first_tx = time.time()
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                                 data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
                             self.process_queue()
-                
+
                 if got == 0:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
@@ -365,21 +365,21 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         if not self.interface_ready:
                             if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                 self.process_queue()
 
                     if self.beacon_i != None and self.beacon_d != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.beacon_i:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.beacon_d.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.beacon_d.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.first_tx = None
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.beacon_d)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
@@ -393,17 +393,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"KISSInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/Android/RNodeInterface.py

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class KISS():
     FESC            = 0xDB
     TFEND           = 0xDC
     TFESC           = 0xDD
-    
+
     CMD_UNKNOWN     = 0xFE
     CMD_DATA        = 0x00
     CMD_FREQUENCY   = 0x01
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ class KISS():
 
     DETECT_REQ      = 0x73
     DETECT_RESP     = 0x46
-    
+
     RADIO_STATE_OFF = 0x00
     RADIO_STATE_ON  = 0x01
     RADIO_STATE_ASK = 0xFF
-    
+
     CMD_ERROR           = 0x90
     ERROR_INITRADIO     = 0x01
     ERROR_TXFAILED      = 0x02
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
                 try:
                     self.rfcomm_socket = device.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(self.bt_rfcomm_service_record)
                     if self.rfcomm_socket == None:
-                        raise IOError("Bluetooth stack returned no socket object")
+                        raise OSError("Bluetooth stack returned no socket object")
                     else:
                         if not self.rfcomm_socket.isConnected():
                             try:
@@ -181,20 +181,20 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
                                 self.rfcomm_writer = self.rfcomm_socket.getOutputStream()
                                 self.connected = True
                                 self.connected_device = device
-                                RNS.log("Bluetooth device "+str(self.connected_device.getName())+" "+str(self.connected_device.getAddress())+" connected.")
+                                RNS.log(f"Bluetooth device {self.connected_device.getName()} {self.connected_device.getAddress()} connected.")
                             except Exception as e:
-                                raise IOError("The Bluetooth RFcomm socket could not be connected: "+str(e))
+                                raise OSError(f"The Bluetooth RFcomm socket could not be connected: {e}")
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not create and connect Bluetooth RFcomm socket for "+str(device.getName())+" "+str(device.getAddress()), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not create and connect Bluetooth RFcomm socket for {device.getName()} {device.getAddress()}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
     def close(self):
         if self.connected:
             if self.rfcomm_reader != None:
                 self.rfcomm_reader.close()
                 self.rfcomm_reader = None
-            
+
             if self.rfcomm_writer != None:
                 self.rfcomm_writer.close()
                 self.rfcomm_writer = None
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
 
     def read(self, len = None):
         if self.connection_failed:
-            raise IOError("Bluetooth connection failed")
+            raise OSError("Bluetooth connection failed")
         else:
             if self.connected and self.rfcomm_reader != None:
                 available = self.rfcomm_reader.available()
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
                 else:
                     return bytes([])
             else:
-                raise IOError("No RFcomm socket available")
+                raise OSError("No RFcomm socket available")
 
     def write(self, data):
         try:
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class AndroidBluetoothManager():
             self.rfcomm_writer.flush()
             return len(data)
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Bluetooth connection failed for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Bluetooth connection failed for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.connection_failed = True
             return 0
 
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 bluetooth_state = 0x00
 
             if port != None:
-                RNS.log("Opening serial port "+port+"...")
+                RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {port}...")
                 # Get device parameters
                 from usb4a import usb
                 device = usb.get_usb_device(port)
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     proxy = pyserial.get_serial_port
                     if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                         # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                        RNS.log("Using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                         proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
                 else:
                     self.bt_manager = None
-            
+
             else:
                 RNS.log("Could not load USB serial module for Android, RNode interface cannot be created.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
                 RNS.log("You can install this module by issuing: pip install usbserial4a", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 508
-        
+
         self.pyserial    = serial
         self.serial      = None
         self.owner       = owner
@@ -466,31 +466,31 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
         self.validcfg  = True
         if (self.frequency < RNodeInterface.FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeInterface.FREQ_MAX):
-            RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.txpower < 0 or self.txpower > 22):
-            RNS.log("Invalid TX power configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid TX power configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.bandwidth < 7800 or self.bandwidth > 500000):
-            RNS.log("Invalid bandwidth configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid bandwidth configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.sf < 5 or self.sf > 12):
-            RNS.log("Invalid spreading factor configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid spreading factor configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.cr < 5 or self.cr > 8):
-            RNS.log("Invalid coding rate configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid coding rate configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.st_alock and (self.st_alock < 0.0 or self.st_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.lt_alock and (self.lt_alock < 0.0 or self.lt_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if id_interval != None and id_callsign != None:
@@ -499,14 +499,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.id_callsign = id_callsign.encode("utf-8")
                 self.id_interval = id_interval
             else:
-                RNS.log("The encoded ID callsign for "+str(self)+" exceeds the max length of "+str(RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN)+" bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The encoded ID callsign for {self} exceeds the max length of {RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN} bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
             self.id_interval = None
             self.id_callsign = None
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
         try:
             self.open_port()
@@ -515,18 +515,18 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
                 else:
-                    raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+                    raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
             elif self.bt_manager != None:
                 if self.bt_manager.connected:
                     self.configure_device()
                 else:
-                    raise IOError("Could not connect to any Bluetooth devices")
+                    raise OSError("Could not connect to any Bluetooth devices")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Neither serial port nor Bluetooth devices available")
+                raise OSError("Neither serial port nor Bluetooth devices available")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if len(self.hw_errors) == 0:
                 RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to bring up this interface periodically", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect_port, daemon=True).start()
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         elif self.bt_manager != None:
             return self.bt_manager.read()
         else:
-            raise IOError("No ports available for reading")
+            raise OSError("No ports available for reading")
 
     def write_mux(self, data):
         if self.serial != None:
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.last_port_io = time.time()
             return written
         else:
-            raise IOError("No ports available for writing")
+            raise OSError("No ports available for writing")
 
     # def reset_ble(self):
     #     RNS.log(f"Clearing previous connection instance: "+str(self.ble))
@@ -561,11 +561,11 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
     #     self.ble = BLEConnection(owner=self, target_name=self.ble_name, target_bt_addr=self.ble_addr)
     #     self.serial = self.ble
     #     RNS.log(f"New connection instance: "+str(self.ble))
-        
+
     def open_port(self):
         if not self.use_ble:
             if self.port != None:
-                RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+                RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
                 # Get device parameters
                 from usb4a import usb
                 device = usb.get_usb_device(self.port)
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     proxy = self.pyserial.get_serial_port
                     if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                         # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                         proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                         self.serial.timeout = 0.1
                     elif vid == 0x10C4:
                         # Hardware parameters for SiLabs CP210x @ 115200 baud
-                        self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 64 
+                        self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 64
                         self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 12
                         self.serial.timeout = 0.012
                     elif vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
@@ -616,9 +616,9 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                         self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 100
                         self.serial.timeout = 0.1
 
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read buffer size set to "+RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} USB read buffer size set to {RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} USB read timeout set to {self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" USB write timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} USB write timeout set to {self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             elif self.allow_bluetooth:
                 if self.bt_manager == None:
@@ -660,17 +660,17 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 RNS.log(f"RNode detect timed out over {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         if not self.detected:
-            raise IOError("Could not detect device")
+            raise OSError("Could not detect device")
         else:
             if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32 or self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_NRF52:
                 self.display = True
 
         if not self.firmware_ok:
-            raise IOError("Invalid device firmware")
+            raise OSError("Invalid device firmware")
 
         if self.serial != None and self.port != None:
             self.timeout = 200
-            RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+            RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
 
         if self.bt_manager != None and self.bt_manager.connected:
             self.timeout = 1500
@@ -680,21 +680,21 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         self.initRadio()
         if (self.validateRadioState()):
             self.interface_ready = True
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" is configured and powered up")
+            RNS.log(f"{self} is configured and powered up")
             sleep(0.3)
             self.online = True
         else:
-            RNS.log("After configuring "+str(self)+", the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"After configuring {self}, the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Make sure that your hardware actually supports the parameters specified in the configuration", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Aborting RNode startup", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
             if self.serial != None:
                 self.serial.close()
             if self.bt_manager != None:
                 self.bt_manager.close()
 
-            raise IOError("RNode interface did not pass configuration validation")
+            raise OSError("RNode interface did not pass configuration validation")
-            
+
 
     def initRadio(self):
         self.setFrequency()
@@ -702,22 +702,22 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
         self.setBandwidth()
         time.sleep(0.15)
-        
+
         self.setTXPower()
         time.sleep(0.15)
-        
+
         self.setSpreadingFactor()
         time.sleep(0.15)
-        
+
         self.setCodingRate()
         time.sleep(0.15)
 
         self.setSTALock()
         time.sleep(0.15)
-        
+
         self.setLTALock()
         time.sleep(0.15)
-        
+
         self.setRadioState(KISS.RADIO_STATE_ON)
         time.sleep(0.15)
 
@@ -728,45 +728,45 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_DETECT, KISS.DETECT_REQ, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FW_VERSION, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_PLATFORM, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_MCU, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for {self}")
 
     def leave(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_LEAVE, 0xFF, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
-    
+
     def enable_bluetooth(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_BT_CTRL, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth enable command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth enable command to device")
 
     def disable_bluetooth(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_BT_CTRL, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth disable command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth disable command to device")
 
     def bluetooth_pair(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_BT_CTRL, 0x02, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth pair command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending bluetooth pair command to device")
 
     def enable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     def disable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     FB_PIXEL_WIDTH     = 64
     FB_BITS_PER_PIXEL  = 1
@@ -788,16 +788,16 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             data = line_byte+line_data
             escaped_data = KISS.escape(data)
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FB_WRITE])+escaped_data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-            
+
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
 
     def hard_reset(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_RESET, 0xf8, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
         sleep(4.0);
 
     def setFrequency(self):
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FREQUENCY])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for {self}")
 
     def setBandwidth(self):
         c1 = self.bandwidth >> 24
@@ -822,28 +822,28 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for {self}")
 
     def setTXPower(self):
         txp = bytes([self.txpower])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXPOWER])+txp+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for {self}")
 
     def setSpreadingFactor(self):
         sf = bytes([self.sf])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SF])+sf+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for {self}")
 
     def setCodingRate(self):
         cr = bytes([self.cr])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_CR])+cr+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for {self}")
 
     def setSTALock(self):
         if self.st_alock != None:
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_ST_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setLTALock(self):
         if self.lt_alock != None:
@@ -867,14 +867,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setRadioState(self, state):
         self.state = state
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE])+bytes([state])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.write_mux(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for {self}")
 
     def validate_firmware(self):
         if (self.maj_version > RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ):
@@ -883,21 +883,21 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             if (self.maj_version >= RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ):
                 if (self.min_version >= RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN):
                     self.firmware_ok = True
-        
+
         if self.firmware_ok:
             return
 
-        RNS.log("The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-        RNS.log("This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         RNS.log("Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from https://github.com/markqvist/reticulum/")
-        error_description  = "The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version)+". "
+        error_description  = f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}. "
-        error_description += "This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN)+". "
+        error_description += f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}. "
         error_description += "Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from: https://github.com/markqvist/rnodeconfigutil/"
         self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_INVALID_FIRMWARE, "description": error_description})
 
 
     def validateRadioState(self):
-        RNS.log("Waiting for radio configuration validation for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Waiting for radio configuration validation for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         if not self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
             sleep(1.00);
         else:
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.bitrate = self.r_sf * ( (4.0/self.r_cr) / (math.pow(2,self.r_sf)/(self.r_bandwidth/1000)) ) * 1000
             self.bitrate_kbps = round(self.bitrate/1000.0, 2)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" On-air bitrate is now "+str(self.bitrate_kbps)+ " kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} On-air bitrate is now {self.bitrate_kbps} kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         except:
             self.bitrate = 0
 
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.txb += datalen
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
 
@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_frequency = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting frequency is "+str(self.r_frequency/1000000.0)+" MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting frequency is {self.r_frequency / 1000000.0} MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH):
@@ -1058,26 +1058,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_bandwidth = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting bandwidth is "+str(self.r_bandwidth/1000.0)+" KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting bandwidth is {self.r_bandwidth / 1000.0} KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_TXPOWER):
                             self.r_txpower = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting TX power is "+str(self.r_txpower)+" dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting TX power is {self.r_txpower} dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_SF):
                             self.r_sf = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting spreading factor is "+str(self.r_sf), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting spreading factor is {self.r_sf}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_CR):
                             self.r_cr = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting coding rate is "+str(self.r_cr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting coding rate is {self.r_cr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE):
                             self.r_state = byte
                             if self.r_state:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is online", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting state is online", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_LOCK):
                             self.r_lock = byte
@@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_st_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_st_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is {self.r_st_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_lt_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_lt_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is {self.r_lt_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_CHTM):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                     atl = command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
                                     cus = command_buffer[4] << 8 | command_buffer[5]
                                     cul = command_buffer[6] << 8 | command_buffer[7]
-                                    
+
                                     self.r_airtime_short      = ats/100.0
                                     self.r_airtime_long       = atl/100.0
                                     self.r_channel_load_short = cus/100.0
@@ -1217,9 +1217,9 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                         self.r_preamble_symbols  = prs
                                         self.r_premable_time_ms  = prt
                                         self.r_csma_slot_time_ms = cst
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting symbol time is "+str(round(self.r_symbol_time_ms,2))+"ms (at "+str(self.r_symbol_rate)+" baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting symbol time is {round(self.r_symbol_time_ms, 2)}ms (at {self.r_symbol_rate} baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting preamble is "+str(self.r_preamble_symbols)+" symbols ("+str(self.r_premable_time_ms)+"ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting preamble is {self.r_preamble_symbols} symbols ({self.r_premable_time_ms}ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting CSMA slot time is "+str(self.r_csma_slot_time_ms)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting CSMA slot time is {self.r_csma_slot_time_ms}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_BAT):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -1247,26 +1247,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                             self.mcu = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_ERROR):
                             if (byte == KISS.ERROR_INITRADIO):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware initialisation error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware initialisation error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Radio initialisation failure")
+                                raise OSError("Radio initialisation failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_TXFAILED):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware TX error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware TX error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Hardware transmit failure")
+                                raise OSError("Hardware transmit failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW, "description": "Memory exhausted on connected device"})
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT, "description": "Modem communication timed out on connected device"})
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Unknown hardware failure")
+                                raise OSError("Unknown hardware failure")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RESET):
                             if (byte == 0xF8):
                                 if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
                                     if self.online:
                                         RNS.log("Detected reset while device was online, reinitialising device...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                        raise IOError("ESP32 reset")
+                                        raise OSError("ESP32 reset")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
                             self.process_queue()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_DETECT):
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 if got == 0:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" serial read timeout in command "+str(command), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} serial read timeout in command {command}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         data_buffer = b""
                         in_frame = False
                         command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
@@ -1287,22 +1287,22 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     if self.id_interval != None and self.id_callsign != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.id_interval:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.id_callsign.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.id_callsign.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.id_callsign)
-                    
+
                     if (time.time() - self.last_port_io > self.port_io_timeout):
                         self.detect()
-                    
+
                     if (time.time() - self.last_port_io > self.port_io_timeout*3):
-                        raise IOError("Connected port for "+str(self)+" became unresponsive")
+                        raise OSError(f"Connected port for {self} became unresponsive")
 
                     if self.bt_manager != None:
                         sleep(0.08)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -1330,10 +1330,10 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 try:
                     time.sleep(self.reconnect_w)
                     if self.serial != None and self.port != None:
-                        RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     if self.bt_manager != None:
-                        RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect Bluetooth device for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect Bluetooth device for {self}...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                     self.open_port()
 
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                             if self.last_imagedata != None:
                                 self.display_image(self.last_imagedata)
                                 self.enable_external_framebuffer()
-                    
+
                     elif hasattr(self, "bt_manager") and self.bt_manager != None and self.bt_manager.connected:
                         self.configure_device()
                         if self.online:
@@ -1352,10 +1352,10 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 self.enable_external_framebuffer()
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while reconnecting RNode, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting RNode, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if self.online:
-                RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+                RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def detach(self):
         self.detached = True
@@ -1399,7 +1399,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             return data
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "RNodeInterface["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"RNodeInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class BLEConnection(BluetoothDispatcher):
     UART_SERVICE_UUID = "6e400001-b5a3-f393-e0a9-e50e24dcca9e"
@@ -1472,7 +1472,7 @@ class BLEConnection(BluetoothDispatcher):
             RNS.trace_exception(e)
 
     def __init__(self, owner=None, target_name=None, target_bt_addr=None):
-        super(BLEConnection, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
         self.owner = owner
         self.target_name = target_name
         self.target_bt_addr = target_bt_addr
@@ -1504,7 +1504,7 @@ class BLEConnection(BluetoothDispatcher):
                     self.write_characteristic(self.rx_char, data)
                 else:
                     time.sleep(0.1)
-        
+
         except Exception as e:
             RNS.log("An error occurred in {self} write loop: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.trace_exception(e)
@@ -1552,7 +1552,7 @@ class BLEConnection(BluetoothDispatcher):
                     self.owner.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_INVALID_BLE_MTU, "description": "The Bluetooth Low Energy transfer MTU could not be configured for the connected device, and communication has failed. Restart Reticulum and any connected applications to retry connecting."})
                     self.close()
                     self.should_run = False
-                
+
                 self.close_gatt()
 
             self.connect_job_running = False
@@ -1599,14 +1599,14 @@ class BLEConnection(BluetoothDispatcher):
     def on_services(self, status, services):
         if status == GATT_SUCCESS:
             self.rx_char = services.search(BLEConnection.UART_RX_CHAR_UUID)
-            
+
             if self.rx_char is not None:
                 self.tx_char = services.search(BLEConnection.UART_TX_CHAR_UUID)
 
-                if self.tx_char is not None:                
+                if self.tx_char is not None:
                     if self.enable_notifications(self.tx_char):
                         RNS.log("Enabled notifications for BLE TX characteristic", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                        
+
                         RNS.log(f"Requesting BLE connection MTU update to {self.target_mtu}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         self.mtu_requested_time = time.time()
                         self.request_mtu(self.target_mtu)

RNS/Interfaces/Android/SerialInterface.py

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
 
                 from usbserial4a import serial4a as serial
                 self.parity = "N"
-            
+
             else:
                 RNS.log("Could not load USB serial module for Android, Serial interface cannot be created.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
                 RNS.log("You can install this module by issuing: pip install usbserial4a", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 564
-        
+
         self.pyserial = serial
         self.serial   = None
         self.owner    = owner
@@ -98,17 +98,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
         # Get device parameters
         from usb4a import usb
         device = usb.get_usb_device(self.port)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
             proxy = self.pyserial.get_serial_port
             if vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
                 # Force CDC driver for Qinheng CH34x
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" using CDC driver for "+RNS.hexrep(vid)+":"+RNS.hexrep(pid), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} using CDC driver for {RNS.hexrep(vid)}:{RNS.hexrep(pid)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 from usbserial4a.cdcacmserial4a import CdcAcmSerial
                 proxy = CdcAcmSerial
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.1
             elif vid == 0x10C4:
                 # Hardware parameters for SiLabs CP210x @ 115200 baud
-                self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 64 
+                self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 64
                 self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 12
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.012
             elif vid == 0x1A86 and pid == 0x55D4:
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
                 self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 100
                 self.serial.timeout = 0.1
 
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read buffer size set to "+RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read buffer size set to {RNS.prettysize(self.serial.DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB read timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB read timeout set to {self.serial.USB_READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" USB write timeout set to "+str(self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} USB write timeout set to {self.serial.USB_WRITE_TIMEOUT_MILLIS}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def configure_device(self):
         sleep(0.5)
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
@@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         if self.online:
             data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
             written = self.serial.write(data)
-            self.txb += len(data)            
+            self.txb += len(data)
             if written != len(data):
-                raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
     def readLoop(self):
         try:
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
                                     byte = HDLC.ESC
                                 escape = False
                             data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
-                        
+
                 if got == 0:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
@@ -225,12 +225,12 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
                         in_frame = False
                         escape = False
                     # sleep(0.08)
-                    
+
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
@@ -244,17 +244,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "SerialInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"SerialInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/Android/__init__.py

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
 import os
 import glob
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Interfaces/AutoInterface.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import RNS
 class AutoInterface(Interface):
     DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT = 29716
     DEFAULT_DATA_PORT      = 42671
-    DEFAULT_GROUP_ID       = "reticulum".encode("utf-8")
+    DEFAULT_GROUP_ID       = b"reticulum"
 
     SCOPE_LINK         = "2"
     SCOPE_ADMIN        = "4"
@@ -169,32 +169,32 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
 
         self.group_hash = RNS.Identity.full_hash(self.group_id)
         g = self.group_hash
-        #gt  = "{:02x}".format(g[1]+(g[0]<<8))
+        #gt  = f"{g[1] + (g[0] << 8):02x}"
         gt  = "0"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[3]+(g[2]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[3] + (g[2] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[5]+(g[4]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[5] + (g[4] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[7]+(g[6]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[7] + (g[6] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[9]+(g[8]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[9] + (g[8] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[11]+(g[10]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[11] + (g[10] << 8):02x}"
-        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[13]+(g[12]<<8))
+        gt += f":{g[13] + (g[12] << 8):02x}"
-        self.mcast_discovery_address = "ff"+self.multicast_address_type+self.discovery_scope+":"+gt
+        self.mcast_discovery_address = f"ff{self.multicast_address_type}{self.discovery_scope}:{gt}"
 
         suitable_interfaces = 0
         for ifname in self.list_interfaces():
             try:
                 if RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_darwin() and ifname in AutoInterface.DARWIN_IGNORE_IFS and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Darwin AWDL or tethering interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping Darwin AWDL or tethering interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_darwin() and ifname == "lo0":
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Darwin loopback interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping Darwin loopback interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_android() and ifname in AutoInterface.ANDROID_IGNORE_IFS and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Android system interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping Android system interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif ifname in self.ignored_interfaces:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" ignoring disallowed interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} ignoring disallowed interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 elif ifname in AutoInterface.ALL_IGNORE_IFS:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} skipping interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 else:
                     if len(self.allowed_interfaces) > 0 and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" ignoring interface "+str(ifname)+" since it was not allowed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} ignoring interface {ifname} since it was not allowed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                     else:
                         addresses = self.list_addresses(ifname)
                         if self.netinfo.AF_INET6 in addresses:
@@ -213,10 +213,10 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                             RNS.log(f"{self} Selecting link-local address {link_local_addr} for interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                             if link_local_addr == None:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" No link-local IPv6 address configured for "+str(ifname)+", skipping interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} No link-local IPv6 address configured for {ifname}, skipping interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                             else:
                                 mcast_addr = self.mcast_discovery_address
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Creating multicast discovery listener on "+str(ifname)+" with address "+str(mcast_addr), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Creating multicast discovery listener on {ifname} with address {mcast_addr}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
                                 # Struct with interface index
                                 if_struct = struct.pack("I", self.interface_name_to_index(ifname))
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                 else:
 
                                     if self.discovery_scope == AutoInterface.SCOPE_LINK:
-                                        addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(mcast_addr+"%"+ifname, self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+                                        addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(f"{mcast_addr}%{ifname}", self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                                     else:
                                         addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(mcast_addr, self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                     RNS.log(f"Could not configure the system interface {ifname} for use with {self}, skipping it. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         if suitable_interfaces == 0:
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" could not autoconfigure. This interface currently provides no connectivity.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} could not autoconfigure. This interface currently provides no connectivity.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
         else:
             self.receives = True
 
@@ -277,19 +277,19 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                 self.bitrate = AutoInterface.BITRATE_GUESS
 
             peering_wait = self.announce_interval*1.2
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" discovering peers for "+str(round(peering_wait, 2))+" seconds...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} discovering peers for {round(peering_wait, 2)} seconds...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
             self.owner = owner
             socketserver.UDPServer.address_family = socket.AF_INET6
 
             for ifname in self.adopted_interfaces:
-                local_addr = self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]+"%"+str(self.interface_name_to_index(ifname))
+                local_addr = f"{self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]}%{self.interface_name_to_index(ifname)}"
                 addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(local_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                 address = addr_info[0][4]
 
                 udp_server = socketserver.UDPServer(address, self.handler_factory(self.processIncoming))
                 self.interface_servers[ifname] = udp_server
-                
+
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=udp_server.serve_forever)
                 thread.daemon = True
                 thread.start()
@@ -306,18 +306,18 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
     def discovery_handler(self, socket, ifname):
         def announce_loop():
             self.announce_handler(ifname)
-            
+
         thread = threading.Thread(target=announce_loop)
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
-        
+
         while True:
             data, ipv6_src = socket.recvfrom(1024)
             expected_hash = RNS.Identity.full_hash(self.group_id+ipv6_src[0].encode("utf-8"))
             if data == expected_hash:
                 self.add_peer(ipv6_src[0], ifname)
             else:
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" received peering packet on "+str(ifname)+" from "+str(ipv6_src[0])+", but authentication hash was incorrect.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} received peering packet on {ifname} from {ipv6_src[0]}, but authentication hash was incorrect.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def peer_jobs(self):
         while True:
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
             # Remove any timed out peers
             for peer_addr in timed_out_peers:
                 removed_peer = self.peers.pop(peer_addr)
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" removed peer "+str(peer_addr)+" on "+str(removed_peer[0]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} removed peer {peer_addr} on {removed_peer[0]}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             for ifname in self.adopted_interfaces:
                 # Check that the link-local address has not changed
@@ -349,25 +349,25 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                     link_local_addr = self.descope_linklocal(address["addr"])
                                     if link_local_addr != self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]:
                                         old_link_local_address = self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]
-                                        RNS.log("Replacing link-local address "+str(old_link_local_address)+" for "+str(ifname)+" with "+str(link_local_addr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Replacing link-local address {old_link_local_address} for {ifname} with {link_local_addr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                         self.adopted_interfaces[ifname] = link_local_addr
                                         self.link_local_addresses.append(link_local_addr)
 
                                         if old_link_local_address in self.link_local_addresses:
                                             self.link_local_addresses.remove(old_link_local_address)
 
-                                        local_addr = link_local_addr+"%"+ifname
+                                        local_addr = f"{link_local_addr}%{ifname}"
                                         addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(local_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                                         listen_address = addr_info[0][4]
 
                                         if ifname in self.interface_servers:
-                                            RNS.log("Shutting down previous UDP listener for "+str(self)+" "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Shutting down previous UDP listener for {self} {ifname}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                             previous_server = self.interface_servers[ifname]
                                             def shutdown_server():
                                                 previous_server.shutdown()
                                             threading.Thread(target=shutdown_server, daemon=True).start()
 
-                                        RNS.log("Starting new UDP listener for "+str(self)+" "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Starting new UDP listener for {self} {ifname}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                                         udp_server = socketserver.UDPServer(listen_address, self.handler_factory(self.processIncoming))
                                         self.interface_servers[ifname] = udp_server
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                                         self.carrier_changed = True
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not get device information while updating link-local addresses for "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not get device information while updating link-local addresses for {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 # Check multicast echo timeouts
                 last_multicast_echo = 0
@@ -389,20 +389,20 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                 if now - last_multicast_echo > self.multicast_echo_timeout:
                     if ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces and self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] == False:
                         self.carrier_changed = True
-                        RNS.log("Multicast echo timeout for "+str(ifname)+". Carrier lost.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"Multicast echo timeout for {ifname}. Carrier lost.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                     self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] = True
                 else:
                     if ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces and self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] == True:
                         self.carrier_changed = True
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Carrier recovered on "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} Carrier recovered on {ifname}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                     self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] = False
-                
+
 
     def announce_handler(self, ifname):
         while True:
             self.peer_announce(ifname)
             time.sleep(self.announce_interval)
-            
+
     def peer_announce(self, ifname):
         try:
             link_local_address = self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]
@@ -414,10 +414,10 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
             announce_socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_MULTICAST_IF, ifis)
             announce_socket.sendto(discovery_token, addr_info[0][4])
             announce_socket.close()
-            
+
         except Exception as e:
             if (ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces and self.timed_out_interfaces[ifname] == False) or not ifname in self.timed_out_interfaces:
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" Detected possible carrier loss on "+str(ifname)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} Detected possible carrier loss on {ifname}: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
             else:
                 pass
 
@@ -431,12 +431,12 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
             if ifname != None:
                 self.multicast_echoes[ifname] = time.time()
             else:
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" received multicast echo on unexpected interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} received multicast echo on unexpected interface {ifname}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
         else:
             if not addr in self.peers:
                 self.peers[addr] = [ifname, time.time()]
-                RNS.log(str(self)+" added peer "+str(addr)+" on "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"{self} added peer {addr} on {ifname}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             else:
                 self.refresh_peer(addr)
 
@@ -464,16 +464,16 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
                     if self.outbound_udp_socket == None:
                         self.outbound_udp_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
 
-                    peer_addr = str(peer)+"%"+str(self.interface_name_to_index(self.peers[peer][0]))
+                    peer_addr = f"{peer}%{self.interface_name_to_index(self.peers[peer][0])}"
                     addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(peer_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
                     self.outbound_udp_socket.sendto(data, addr_info[0][4])
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not transmit on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not transmit on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
 
-            
             self.txb += len(data)
-            
+
 
     # Until per-device sub-interfacing is implemented,
     # ingress limiting should be disabled on AutoInterface
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ class AutoInterface(Interface):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "AutoInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"AutoInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class AutoInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/I2PInterface.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class I2PController:
 
         time.sleep(0.10)
         if self.loop == None:
-            RNS.log("Could not get event loop for "+str(self)+", waiting for event loop to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not get event loop for {self}, waiting for event loop to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         while self.loop == None:
             self.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class I2PController:
             self.loop.run_forever()
         except Exception as e:
             self.ready = False
-            RNS.log("Exception on event loop for "+str(self)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Exception on event loop for {self}: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         finally:
             self.loop.close()
 
@@ -136,18 +136,18 @@ class I2PController:
             if not self.client_tunnels[i2p_destination]:
                 try:
                     async def tunnel_up():
-                        RNS.log("Bringing up I2P tunnel to "+str(owner)+", this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                        RNS.log(f"Bringing up I2P tunnel to {owner}, this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
                         tunnel = self.i2plib.ClientTunnel(i2p_destination, owner.local_addr, sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop)
                         self.i2plib_tunnels[i2p_destination] = tunnel
                         await tunnel.run()
 
                     self.loop.ext_owner = self
                     result = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(tunnel_up(), self.loop).result()
-                    
-                    if not i2p_destination in self.i2plib_tunnels:
-                        raise IOError("No tunnel control instance was created")
 
-                    else: 
+                    if not i2p_destination in self.i2plib_tunnels:
+                        raise OSError("No tunnel control instance was created")
+
+                    else:
                         tn = self.i2plib_tunnels[i2p_destination]
                         if tn != None and hasattr(tn, "status"):
 
@@ -167,28 +167,28 @@ class I2PController:
                                             try:
                                                 owner.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                                             except Exception as e:
-                                                RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(owner)+": "+str(e))
+                                                RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {owner}: {e}")
 
                                             try:
                                                 owner.socket.close()
                                             except Exception as e:
-                                                RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(owner)+": "+str(e))
+                                                RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {owner}: {e}")
                                 self.client_tunnels[i2p_destination] = True
                                 owner.awaiting_i2p_tunnel = False
 
-                                RNS.log(str(owner)+" tunnel setup complete", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                                RNS.log(f"{owner} tunnel setup complete", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                         else:
-                            raise IOError("Got no status response from SAM API")
+                            raise OSError("Got no status response from SAM API")
 
                 except ConnectionRefusedError as e:
                     raise e
-                    
+
                 except ConnectionAbortedError as e:
                     raise e
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Unexpected error type from I2P SAM: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Unexpected error type from I2P SAM: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     raise e
 
             else:
@@ -197,16 +197,16 @@ class I2PController:
                     i2p_exception = i2ptunnel.status["exception"]
 
                     if i2ptunnel.status["setup_ran"] == False:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
 
                     elif i2p_exception != None:
-                        RNS.log("An error ocurred while setting up I2P tunnel to "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while setting up I2P tunnel to {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         if isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.CantReachPeer):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon can't reach peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon can't reach peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.DuplicatedDest):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the destination is already in use", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -218,19 +218,19 @@ class I2PController:
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the stream session ID doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.InvalidKey):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the key for "+str(i2p_destination)+" is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon reported that the key for {i2p_destination} is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.KeyNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon could not find the key for "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon could not find the key for {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        
+
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.PeerNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon mould not find the peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon mould not find the peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        
+
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.I2PError):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon experienced an unspecified error", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        
+
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.Timeout):
-                            RNS.log("I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         RNS.log("Resetting I2P tunnel and retrying later", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
@@ -238,13 +238,13 @@ class I2PController:
                         return False
 
                     elif i2ptunnel.status["setup_failed"] == True:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                     return False
@@ -259,11 +259,11 @@ class I2PController:
 
         # Old format
         i2p_dest_hash_of = RNS.Identity.full_hash(RNS.Identity.full_hash(owner.name.encode("utf-8")))
-        i2p_keyfile_of   = self.storagepath+"/"+RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_of, delimit=False)+".i2p"
+        i2p_keyfile_of   = f"{self.storagepath}/{RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_of, delimit=False)}.i2p"
 
         # New format
         i2p_dest_hash_nf = RNS.Identity.full_hash(RNS.Identity.full_hash(owner.name.encode("utf-8"))+RNS.Identity.full_hash(RNS.Transport.identity.hash))
-        i2p_keyfile_nf   = self.storagepath+"/"+RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_nf, delimit=False)+".i2p"
+        i2p_keyfile_nf   = f"{self.storagepath}/{RNS.hexrep(i2p_dest_hash_nf, delimit=False)}.i2p"
 
         # Use old format if a key is already present
         if os.path.isfile(i2p_keyfile_of):
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ class I2PController:
             key_file.write(i2p_dest.private_key.base64)
             key_file.close()
         else:
-            key_file = open(i2p_keyfile, "r")
+            key_file = open(i2p_keyfile)
             prvd = key_file.read()
             key_file.close()
             i2p_dest = self.i2plib.Destination(data=prvd, has_private_key=True)
@@ -294,12 +294,12 @@ class I2PController:
             if self.server_tunnels[i2p_b32] == False:
                 try:
                     async def tunnel_up():
-                        RNS.log(str(owner)+" Bringing up I2P endpoint, this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                        RNS.log(f"{owner} Bringing up I2P endpoint, this may take a while...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
                         tunnel = self.i2plib.ServerTunnel((owner.bind_ip, owner.bind_port), loop=self.loop, destination=i2p_dest, sam_address=self.sam_address)
                         self.i2plib_tunnels[i2p_b32] = tunnel
                         await tunnel.run()
                         owner.online = True
-                        RNS.log(str(owner)+ " endpoint setup complete. Now reachable at: "+str(i2p_dest.base32)+".b32.i2p", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"{owner} endpoint setup complete. Now reachable at: {i2p_dest.base32}.b32.i2p", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                     asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(tunnel_up(), self.loop).result()
                     self.server_tunnels[i2p_b32] = True
@@ -313,16 +313,16 @@ class I2PController:
                     i2p_exception = i2ptunnel.status["exception"]
 
                     if i2ptunnel.status["setup_ran"] == False:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} I2P tunnel setup did not complete", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
 
                     elif i2p_exception != None:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while setting up I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        
+
                         if isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.CantReachPeer):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon can't reach peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon can't reach peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.DuplicatedDest):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the destination is already in use", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -334,19 +334,19 @@ class I2PController:
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the stream session ID doesn't exist", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.InvalidKey):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon reported that the key for "+str(i2p_destination)+" is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon reported that the key for {i2p_destination} is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.KeyNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon could not find the key for "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon could not find the key for {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        
+
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.PeerNotFound):
-                            RNS.log("The I2P daemon mould not find the peer "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The I2P daemon mould not find the peer {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        
+
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.I2PError):
                             RNS.log("The I2P daemon experienced an unspecified error", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        
+
                         elif isinstance(i2p_exception, RNS.vendor.i2plib.exceptions.Timeout):
-                            RNS.log("I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to "+str(i2p_destination), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"I2P daemon timed out while setting up client tunnel to {i2p_destination}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         RNS.log("Resetting I2P tunnel and retrying later", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
@@ -354,13 +354,13 @@ class I2PController:
                         return False
 
                     elif i2ptunnel.status["setup_failed"] == True:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} Unspecified I2P tunnel setup error, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                         self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                         return False
 
                 else:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} Got no status from SAM API, resetting I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     self.stop_tunnel(i2ptunnel)
                     return False
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 1064
-        
+
         self.IN               = True
         self.OUT              = False
         self.socket           = None
@@ -475,11 +475,11 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                         self.target_port = self.bind_port
 
                         if not self.parent_interface.i2p.client_tunnel(self, target_i2p_dest):
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             self.awaiting_i2p_tunnel = True
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while while configuring "+str(self)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while while configuring {self}: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         RNS.log("Check that I2P is installed and running, and that SAM is enabled. Retrying tunnel setup later.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     time.sleep(8)
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                 while self.awaiting_i2p_tunnel:
                     time.sleep(0.25)
                 time.sleep(2)
-                
+
                 if not self.kiss_framing:
                     self.wants_tunnel = True
 
@@ -525,37 +525,37 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
         self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
         self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPIDLE, int(I2PInterfacePeer.I2P_PROBE_AFTER))
-    
+
     def shutdown_socket(self, target_socket):
         if callable(target_socket.close):
             try:
                 if socket != None:
                     target_socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
             try:
                 if socket != None:
                     target_socket.close()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))    
+                RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
-    
+
     def detach(self):
-        RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+        RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         if self.socket != None:
             if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
                 if callable(self.socket.close):
                     self.detached = True
-                    
+
                     try:
                         self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.close()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     self.socket = None
 
@@ -564,15 +564,15 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
             self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
             self.socket.connect((self.target_ip, self.target_port))
             self.online  = True
-        
+
         except Exception as e:
             if initial:
                 if not self.awaiting_i2p_tunnel:
-                    RNS.log("Initial connection for "+str(self)+" could not be established: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Initial connection for {self} could not be established: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in "+str(I2PInterfacePeer.RECONNECT_WAIT)+" seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in {I2PInterfacePeer.RECONNECT_WAIT} seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 return False
-            
+
             else:
                 raise e
 
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
             self.set_timeouts_linux()
         elif platform.system() == "Darwin":
             self.set_timeouts_osx()
-        
+
         self.online  = True
         self.writing = False
         self.never_connected = False
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                     attempts += 1
 
                     if self.max_reconnect_tries != None and attempts > self.max_reconnect_tries:
-                        RNS.log("Max reconnection attempts reached for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Max reconnection attempts reached for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         self.teardown()
                         break
 
@@ -609,12 +609,12 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
                     except Exception as e:
                         if not self.awaiting_i2p_tunnel:
-                            RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Connection attempt for {self} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         else:
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" still waiting for I2P tunnel to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} still waiting for I2P tunnel to appear", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 if not self.never_connected:
-                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Re-established connection via I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                    RNS.log(f"{self} Re-established connection via I2P tunnel", RNS.LOG_INFO)
 
                 self.reconnecting = False
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
@@ -625,13 +625,13 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
         else:
             RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator I2P interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator I2P interface")
+            raise OSError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator I2P interface")
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
         self.rxb += len(data)
         if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None and self.parent_count:
             self.parent_interface.rxb += len(data)
-                    
+
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
     def processOutgoing(self, data):
@@ -651,13 +651,13 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                 self.writing = False
                 self.txb += len(data)
                 self.last_write = time.time()
-                
+
                 if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None and self.parent_count:
                     self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Exception occurred while transmitting via {self}, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.teardown()
 
 
@@ -683,22 +683,22 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                         if self.socket != None:
                             self.socket.sendall(bytes([HDLC.FLAG, HDLC.FLAG]))
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("An error ocurred while sending I2P keepalive. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while sending I2P keepalive. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         self.shutdown_socket(self.socket)
                         should_run = False
-                
+
                 if (time.time()-self.last_read > I2PInterfacePeer.I2P_READ_TIMEOUT):
                     RNS.log("I2P socket is unresponsive, restarting...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                     if self.socket != None:
                         try:
                             self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                         try:
                             self.socket.close()
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     should_run = False
 
@@ -782,18 +782,18 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
                     self.wd_reset = False
 
                     if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-                        RNS.log("Socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"Socket for {self} was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         self.reconnect()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Socket for remote client "+str(self)+" was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"Socket for remote client {self} was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                         self.teardown()
 
                     break
 
-                
+
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("An interface error occurred for "+str(self)+", the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+            RNS.log(f"An interface error occurred for {self}, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
             if self.initiator:
                 RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
@@ -803,12 +803,12 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
     def teardown(self):
         if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
         else:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         self.online = False
         self.OUT = False
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ class I2PInterfacePeer(Interface):
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "I2PInterfacePeer["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"I2PInterfacePeer[{self.name}]"
 
 
 class I2PInterface(Interface):
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
 
     def __init__(self, owner, name, rns_storagepath, peers, connectable = False, ifac_size = 16, ifac_netname = None, ifac_netkey = None):
         super().__init__()
-        
+
         self.HW_MTU = 1064
 
         self.online = False
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
             def createHandler(*args, **keys):
                 return I2PInterfaceHandler(callback, *args, **keys)
             return createHandler
-        
+
         ThreadingI2PServer.allow_reuse_address = True
         self.server = ThreadingI2PServer(self.address, handlerFactory(self.incoming_connection))
 
@@ -895,11 +895,11 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
                 while True:
                     try:
                         if not self.i2p.server_tunnel(self):
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} I2P control process experienced an error, requesting new tunnel...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             self.online = False
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while while configuring "+str(self)+": "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while while configuring {self}: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         RNS.log("Check that I2P is installed and running, and that SAM is enabled. Retrying tunnel setup later.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     time.sleep(15)
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
 
         if peers != None:
             for peer_addr in peers:
-                interface_name = self.name+" to "+peer_addr
+                interface_name = f"{self.name} to {peer_addr}"
                 peer_interface = I2PInterfacePeer(self, self.owner, interface_name, peer_addr)
                 peer_interface.OUT = True
                 peer_interface.IN  = True
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
 
     def incoming_connection(self, handler):
         RNS.log("Accepting incoming I2P connection", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-        interface_name = "Connected peer on "+self.name
+        interface_name = f"Connected peer on {self.name}"
         spawned_interface = I2PInterfacePeer(self, self.owner, interface_name, connected_socket=handler.request)
         spawned_interface.OUT = True
         spawned_interface.IN  = True
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
         spawned_interface.announce_rate_penalty = self.announce_rate_penalty
         spawned_interface.mode = self.mode
         spawned_interface.HW_MTU = self.HW_MTU
-        RNS.log("Spawned new I2PInterface Peer: "+str(spawned_interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Spawned new I2PInterface Peer: {spawned_interface}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(spawned_interface)
         self.clients += 1
         spawned_interface.read_loop()
@@ -969,11 +969,11 @@ class I2PInterface(Interface):
         if from_spawned: self.oa_freq_deque.append(time.time())
 
     def detach(self):
-        RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+        RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         self.i2p.stop()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "I2PInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"I2PInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class I2PInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/Interface.py

@@ -140,16 +140,16 @@ class Interface:
                             selected_announce_packet = announce_packet
 
                     if selected_announce_packet != None:
-                        RNS.log("Releasing held announce packet "+str(selected_announce_packet)+" from "+str(self), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        RNS.log(f"Releasing held announce packet {selected_announce_packet} from {self}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                         self.ic_held_release = time.time() + self.ic_held_release_interval
                         self.held_announces.pop(selected_announce_packet.destination_hash)
                         def release():
                             RNS.Transport.inbound(selected_announce_packet.raw, selected_announce_packet.receiving_interface)
                         threading.Thread(target=release, daemon=True).start()
-        
+
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("An error occurred while processing held announces for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An error occurred while processing held announces for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def received_announce(self):
         self.ia_freq_deque.append(time.time())
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class Interface:
             for i in range(1,dq_len):
                 delta_sum += self.ia_freq_deque[i]-self.ia_freq_deque[i-1]
             delta_sum += time.time() - self.ia_freq_deque[dq_len-1]
-            
+
             if delta_sum == 0:
                 avg = 0
             else:
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class Interface:
             for i in range(1,dq_len):
                 delta_sum += self.oa_freq_deque[i]-self.oa_freq_deque[i-1]
             delta_sum += time.time() - self.oa_freq_deque[dq_len-1]
-            
+
             if delta_sum == 0:
                 avg = 0
             else:
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class Interface:
 
             except Exception as e:
                 self.announce_queue = []
-                RNS.log("Error while processing announce queue on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while processing announce queue on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.log("The announce queue for this interface has been cleared.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def detach(self):

RNS/Interfaces/KISSInterface.py

@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
             RNS.panic()
 
         super().__init__()
-        
+
         self.HW_MTU = 564
-        
+
         if beacon_data == None:
             beacon_data = ""
 
@@ -113,17 +113,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port "+self.port, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring KISS interface parameters...")
         self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
         self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface preamble to {preamble_ms} (command value {preamble})")
 
     def setTxTail(self, txtail):
         txtail_ms = txtail
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to {txtail_ms} (command value {txtail})")
 
     def setPersistence(self, persistence):
         if persistence < 0:
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface persistence to {persistence}")
 
     def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
         slottime_ms = slottime
@@ -205,20 +205,20 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
+            raise OSError(f"Could not configure KISS interface slot time to {slottime_ms} (command value {slottime})")
 
     def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
             if (flow_control):
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+                raise OSError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
-        self.rxb += len(data)  
+        self.rxb += len(data)
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                         self.first_tx = time.time()
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
@@ -311,21 +311,21 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
                     if self.flow_control:
                         if not self.interface_ready:
                             if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                 self.process_queue()
 
                     if self.beacon_i != None and self.beacon_d != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.beacon_i:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.beacon_d.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.beacon_d.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.first_tx = None
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.beacon_d)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
@@ -339,17 +339,17 @@ class KISSInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"KISSInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/LocalInterface.py

@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
 
         # TODO: Remove at some point
         # self.rxptime = 0
-        
+
         self.HW_MTU = 1064
 
         self.online  = False
-        
+
         self.IN               = True
         self.OUT              = False
         self.socket           = None
@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                         self.connect()
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Connection attempt for {self} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 if not self.never_connected:
-                    RNS.log("Reconnected socket for "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                    RNS.log(f"Reconnected socket for {self}.", RNS.LOG_INFO)
 
                 self.reconnecting = False
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
@@ -146,20 +146,20 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                     time.sleep(LocalClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT+2)
                     RNS.Transport.shared_connection_reappeared()
                 threading.Thread(target=job, daemon=True).start()
-        
+
         else:
             RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator shared local interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator local interface")
+            raise OSError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator local interface")
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
         self.rxb += len(data)
         if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
             self.parent_interface.rxb += len(data)
-        
+
         # TODO: Remove at some point
         # processing_start = time.time()
-        
+
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
         # TODO: Remove at some point
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                     self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Exception occurred while transmitting via {self}, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.teardown()
 
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                 else:
                     self.online = False
                     if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance and not self.detached:
-                        RNS.log("Socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"Socket for {self} was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         RNS.Transport.shared_connection_disappeared()
                         self.reconnect()
                     else:
@@ -234,29 +234,29 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
 
                     break
 
-                
+
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("An interface error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An interface error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("Tearing down "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Tearing down {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.teardown()
 
     def detach(self):
         if self.socket != None:
             if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
                 if callable(self.socket.close):
-                    RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.detached = True
-                    
+
                     try:
                         self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.close()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     self.socket = None
 
@@ -276,19 +276,19 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                     RNS.Transport.owner._should_persist_data()
 
         if nowarning == False:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
         if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
             if nowarning == False:
                 RNS.log("Permanently lost connection to local shared RNS instance. Exiting now.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
-    
+
             RNS.exit()
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "LocalInterface["+str(self.target_port)+"]"
+        return f"LocalInterface[{self.target_port}]"
 
 
 class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
         self.online = False
         self.clients = 0
-        
+
         self.IN  = True
         self.OUT = False
         self.name = "Reticulum"
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
         if from_spawned: self.oa_freq_deque.append(time.time())
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "Shared Instance["+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+        return f"Shared Instance[{self.bind_port}]"
 
 class LocalInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/PipeInterface.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
 
     owner    = None
     command  = None
-    
+
     def __init__(self, owner, name, command, respawn_delay):
         if respawn_delay == None:
             respawn_delay = 5
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 1064
-        
+
         self.owner    = owner
         self.name     = name
         self.command  = command
@@ -72,18 +72,18 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
             self.open_pipe()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could connect pipe for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could connect pipe for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.pipe_is_open:
             self.configure_pipe()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not connect pipe")
+            raise OSError("Could not connect pipe")
 
 
     def open_pipe(self):
-        RNS.log("Connecting subprocess pipe for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Connecting subprocess pipe for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-        
+
         try:
             self.process = subprocess.Popen(shlex.split(self.command), stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
             self.pipe_is_open = True
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Subprocess pipe for "+str(self)+" is now connected", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Subprocess pipe for {self} is now connected", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
-        self.rxb += len(data)            
+        self.rxb += len(data)
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
 
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
             data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
             written = self.process.stdin.write(data)
             self.process.stdin.flush()
-            self.txb += len(data)            
+            self.txb += len(data)
             if written != len(data):
-                raise IOError("Pipe interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Pipe interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
 
     def readLoop(self):
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
                                 escape = False
                             data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
 
-            RNS.log("Subprocess terminated on "+str(self))
+            RNS.log(f"Subprocess terminated on {self}")
             self.process.kill()
-                    
+
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
             try:
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
             except Exception as e:
                 pass
 
-            RNS.log("A pipe error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A pipe error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ class PipeInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(self.respawn_delay)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to respawn subprocess for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to respawn subprocess for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_pipe()
                 if self.pipe_is_open:
                     self.configure_pipe()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while spawning subprocess, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while spawning subprocess, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected pipe for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected pipe for {self}")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "PipeInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"PipeInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/RNodeInterface.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class KISS():
     FESC            = 0xDB
     TFEND           = 0xDC
     TFESC           = 0xDD
-    
+
     CMD_UNKNOWN     = 0xFE
     CMD_DATA        = 0x00
     CMD_FREQUENCY   = 0x01
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ class KISS():
 
     DETECT_REQ      = 0x73
     DETECT_RESP     = 0x46
-    
+
     RADIO_STATE_OFF = 0x00
     RADIO_STATE_ON  = 0x01
     RADIO_STATE_ASK = 0xFF
-    
+
     CMD_ERROR           = 0x90
     ERROR_INITRADIO     = 0x01
     ERROR_TXFAILED      = 0x02
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class KISS():
         data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdd]))
         data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdc]))
         return data
-    
+
 
 class RNodeInterface(Interface):
     MAX_CHUNK = 32768
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 508
-        
+
         self.pyserial    = serial
         self.serial      = None
         self.owner       = owner
@@ -211,31 +211,31 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
         self.validcfg  = True
         if (self.frequency < RNodeInterface.FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeInterface.FREQ_MAX):
-            RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.txpower < 0 or self.txpower > 22):
-            RNS.log("Invalid TX power configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid TX power configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.bandwidth < 7800 or self.bandwidth > 1625000):
-            RNS.log("Invalid bandwidth configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid bandwidth configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.sf < 5 or self.sf > 12):
-            RNS.log("Invalid spreading factor configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid spreading factor configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.cr < 5 or self.cr > 8):
-            RNS.log("Invalid coding rate configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid coding rate configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.st_alock and (self.st_alock < 0.0 or self.st_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.lt_alock and (self.lt_alock < 0.0 or self.lt_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if id_interval != None and id_callsign != None:
@@ -244,14 +244,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.id_callsign = id_callsign.encode("utf-8")
                 self.id_interval = id_interval
             else:
-                RNS.log("The encoded ID callsign for "+str(self)+" exceeds the max length of "+str(RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN)+" bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The encoded ID callsign for {self} exceeds the max length of {RNodeInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN} bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
             self.id_interval = None
             self.id_callsign = None
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
         try:
             self.open_port()
@@ -259,11 +259,11 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             if self.serial.is_open:
                 self.configure_device()
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+                raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to bring up this interface periodically", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if not self.detached and not self.reconnecting:
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect_port)
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
 
     def open_port(self):
         if not self.use_ble:
-            RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+            RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
             self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
                 port = self.port,
                 baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 write_timeout = None,
                 dsrdtr = False,
             )
-        
+
         else:
             RNS.log(f"Opening BLE connection for {self}...")
             if self.ble == None:
@@ -325,28 +325,28 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 detect_time = RNS.prettytime(time.time()-detect_time)
             else:
                 RNS.log(f"RNode detect timed out over {self.port}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-        
+
         if not self.detected:
-            RNS.log("Could not detect device for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not detect device for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.serial.close()
         else:
             if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32 or self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_NRF52:
                 self.display = True
 
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Configuring RNode interface...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.initRadio()
         if (self.validateRadioState()):
             self.interface_ready = True
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" is configured and powered up")
+            RNS.log(f"{self} is configured and powered up")
             sleep(0.3)
             self.online = True
         else:
-            RNS.log("After configuring "+str(self)+", the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"After configuring {self}, the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Make sure that your hardware actually supports the parameters specified in the configuration", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Aborting RNode startup", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.serial.close()
-            
+
 
     def initRadio(self):
         self.setFrequency()
@@ -365,27 +365,27 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_DETECT, KISS.DETECT_REQ, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FW_VERSION, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_PLATFORM, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_MCU, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for {self}")
-    
+
     def leave(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_LEAVE, 0xFF, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
-    
+
     def enable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     def disable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     FB_PIXEL_WIDTH     = 64
     FB_BITS_PER_PIXEL  = 1
@@ -406,16 +406,16 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             data = line_byte+line_data
             escaped_data = KISS.escape(data)
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FB_WRITE])+escaped_data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-            
+
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
 
     def hard_reset(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_RESET, 0xf8, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
         sleep(2.25);
 
     def setFrequency(self):
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FREQUENCY])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for {self}")
 
     def setBandwidth(self):
         c1 = self.bandwidth >> 24
@@ -440,28 +440,28 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for {self}")
 
     def setTXPower(self):
         txp = bytes([self.txpower])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXPOWER])+txp+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for {self}")
 
     def setSpreadingFactor(self):
         sf = bytes([self.sf])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SF])+sf+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for {self}")
 
     def setCodingRate(self):
         cr = bytes([self.cr])
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_CR])+cr+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for {self}")
 
     def setSTALock(self):
         if self.st_alock != None:
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_ST_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setLTALock(self):
         if self.lt_alock != None:
@@ -485,14 +485,14 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for {self}")
 
     def setRadioState(self, state):
         self.state = state
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE])+bytes([state])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for {self}")
 
     def validate_firmware(self):
         if (self.maj_version > RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ):
@@ -501,18 +501,18 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             if (self.maj_version >= RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ):
                 if (self.min_version >= RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN):
                     self.firmware_ok = True
-        
+
         if self.firmware_ok:
             return
 
-        RNS.log("The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-        RNS.log("This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         RNS.log("Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from https://github.com/markqvist/rnodeconfigutil/")
         RNS.panic()
 
 
     def validateRadioState(self):
-        RNS.log("Waiting for radio configuration validation for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Waiting for radio configuration validation for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         sleep(0.25);
 
         self.validcfg = True
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.bitrate = self.r_sf * ( (4.0/self.r_cr) / (math.pow(2,self.r_sf)/(self.r_bandwidth/1000)) ) * 1000
             self.bitrate_kbps = round(self.bitrate/1000.0, 2)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" On-air bitrate is now "+str(self.bitrate_kbps)+ " kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} On-air bitrate is now {self.bitrate_kbps} kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         except:
             self.bitrate = 0
 
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                 self.txb += datalen
 
                 if written != len(frame):
-                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                    raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
             else:
                 self.queue(data)
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_frequency = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting frequency is "+str(self.r_frequency/1000000.0)+" MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting frequency is {self.r_frequency / 1000000.0} MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH):
@@ -655,26 +655,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.r_bandwidth = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting bandwidth is "+str(self.r_bandwidth/1000.0)+" KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting bandwidth is {self.r_bandwidth / 1000.0} KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_TXPOWER):
                             self.r_txpower = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting TX power is "+str(self.r_txpower)+" dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting TX power is {self.r_txpower} dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_SF):
                             self.r_sf = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting spreading factor is "+str(self.r_sf), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting spreading factor is {self.r_sf}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_CR):
                             self.r_cr = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting coding rate is "+str(self.r_cr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting coding rate is {self.r_cr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE):
                             self.r_state = byte
                             if self.r_state:
                                 pass
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_LOCK):
                             self.r_lock = byte
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_st_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_st_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is {self.r_st_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.r_lt_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is "+str(self.r_lt_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is {self.r_lt_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_CHTM):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                     atl = command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
                                     cus = command_buffer[4] << 8 | command_buffer[5]
                                     cul = command_buffer[6] << 8 | command_buffer[7]
-                                    
+
                                     self.r_airtime_short      = ats/100.0
                                     self.r_airtime_long       = atl/100.0
                                     self.r_channel_load_short = cus/100.0
@@ -813,9 +813,9 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                         self.r_preamble_symbols  = prs
                                         self.r_premable_time_ms  = prt
                                         self.r_csma_slot_time_ms = cst
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting symbol time is "+str(round(self.r_symbol_time_ms,2))+"ms (at "+str(self.r_symbol_rate)+" baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting symbol time is {round(self.r_symbol_time_ms, 2)}ms (at {self.r_symbol_rate} baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting preamble is "+str(self.r_preamble_symbols)+" symbols ("+str(self.r_premable_time_ms)+"ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting preamble is {self.r_preamble_symbols} symbols ({self.r_premable_time_ms}ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting CSMA slot time is "+str(self.r_csma_slot_time_ms)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self} Radio reporting CSMA slot time is {self.r_csma_slot_time_ms}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_BAT):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -843,26 +843,26 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                             self.mcu = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_ERROR):
                             if (byte == KISS.ERROR_INITRADIO):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware initialisation error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware initialisation error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Radio initialisation failure")
+                                raise OSError("Radio initialisation failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_TXFAILED):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware TX error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware TX error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Hardware transmit failure")
+                                raise OSError("Hardware transmit failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Memory exhausted", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MEMORY_LOW, "description": "Memory exhausted on connected device"})
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+"): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)}): Modem communication timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 self.hw_errors.append({"error": KISS.ERROR_MODEM_TIMEOUT, "description": "Modem communication timed out on connected device"})
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Unknown hardware failure")
+                                raise OSError("Unknown hardware failure")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RESET):
                             if (byte == 0xF8):
                                 if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
                                     if self.online:
                                         RNS.log("Detected reset while device was online, reinitialising device...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                        raise IOError("ESP32 reset")
+                                        raise OSError("ESP32 reset")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
                             self.process_queue()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_DETECT):
@@ -870,11 +870,11 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                                 self.detected = True
                             else:
                                 self.detected = False
-                        
+
                 else:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" serial read timeout in command "+str(command), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} serial read timeout in command {command}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         data_buffer = b""
                         in_frame = False
                         command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
@@ -883,15 +883,15 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
                     if self.id_interval != None and self.id_callsign != None:
                         if self.first_tx != None:
                             if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.id_interval:
-                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.id_callsign.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data: {self.id_callsign.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                 self.processOutgoing(self.id_callsign)
 
                     sleep(0.08)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -912,23 +912,23 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online and not self.detached:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         self.reconnecting = False
         if self.online:
-            RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+            RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def detach(self):
         self.detached = True
         self.disable_external_framebuffer()
         self.setRadioState(KISS.RADIO_STATE_OFF)
         self.leave()
-        
+
         if self.use_ble:
             self.ble.close()
 
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ class RNodeInterface(Interface):
             return data
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "RNodeInterface["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"RNodeInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class BLEConnection():
     UART_SERVICE_UUID = "6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ class BLEConnection():
             if importlib.util.find_spec("bleak") != None:
                 import bleak
                 BLEConnection.bleak = bleak
-                
+
                 import asyncio
                 BLEConnection.asyncio = asyncio
             else:
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ class BLEConnection():
                 else:
                     if self.target_bt_addr != None and device.address == self.target_bt_addr:
                         RNS.log(f"Can't connect to target device {self.target_bt_addr} over BLE, device is not bonded", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    
+
                     elif self.target_name != None and device.name == self.target_name:
                         RNS.log(f"Can't connect to target device {self.target_name} over BLE, device is not bonded", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
@@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ class BLEConnection():
                 if "props" in device.details and "Bonded" in device.details["props"]:
                     if device.details["props"]["Bonded"] == True:
                         return True
-        
+
         except Exception as e:
             RNS.log(f"Error while determining device bond status for {device}, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 

RNS/Interfaces/RNodeMultiInterface.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class KISS():
     FESC            = 0xDB
     TFEND           = 0xDC
     TFESC           = 0xDD
-    
+
     CMD_UNKNOWN     = 0xFE
     CMD_FREQUENCY   = 0x01
     CMD_BANDWIDTH   = 0x02
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ class KISS():
 
     DETECT_REQ      = 0x73
     DETECT_RESP     = 0x46
-    
+
     RADIO_STATE_OFF = 0x00
     RADIO_STATE_ON  = 0x01
     RADIO_STATE_ASK = 0xFF
-    
+
     CMD_ERROR           = 0x90
     ERROR_INITRADIO     = 0x01
     ERROR_TXFAILED      = 0x02
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class KISS():
         data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdd]))
         data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdc]))
         return data
-    
+
 
 class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
     MAX_CHUNK = 32768
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 508
-        
+
         self.clients = 0
         self.pyserial    = serial
         self.serial      = None
@@ -241,14 +241,14 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 self.id_callsign = id_callsign.encode("utf-8")
                 self.id_interval = id_interval
             else:
-                RNS.log("The encoded ID callsign for "+str(self)+" exceeds the max length of "+str(RNodeMultiInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN)+" bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The encoded ID callsign for {self} exceeds the max length of {RNodeMultiInterface.CALLSIGN_MAX_LEN} bytes.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
             self.id_interval = None
             self.id_callsign = None
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
     def start(self):
         try:
@@ -257,11 +257,11 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             if self.serial.is_open:
                 self.configure_device()
             else:
-                raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+                raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to bring up this interface periodically", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if not self.detached and not self.reconnecting:
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect_port)
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 thread.start()
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...")
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -294,15 +294,15 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
 
         self.detect()
         sleep(0.2)
-        
+
         if not self.detected:
-            RNS.log("Could not detect device for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not detect device for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.serial.close()
         else:
             if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32 or self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_NRF52:
                 self.display = True
 
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open")
         RNS.log("Creating subinterfaces...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         for subint in self.subint_config:
             subint_vport = int(subint[1])
@@ -327,44 +327,44 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
 
                 interface.OUT = subint[10]
                 interface.IN  = True
-                
+
                 interface.announce_rate_target = self.announce_rate_target
                 interface.mode = self.mode
                 interface.HW_MTU = self.HW_MTU
                 interface.detected = True
                 RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(interface)
-                RNS.log("Spawned new RNode subinterface: "+str(interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Spawned new RNode subinterface: {interface}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 self.clients += 1
             else:
-                raise ValueError("Virtual port \""+subint[1]+"\" for subinterface "+subint[0]+" does not exist on "+self.name)
+                raise ValueError(f"Virtual port \"{subint[1]}\" for subinterface {subint[0]} does not exist on {self.name}")
         self.online = True
 
     def detect(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_DETECT, KISS.DETECT_REQ, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FW_VERSION, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_PLATFORM, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_MCU, 0x00, KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_INTERFACES, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while detecting hardware for {self}")
-    
+
     def leave(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_LEAVE, 0xFF, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while sending host left command to device")
-    
+
     def enable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x01, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while enabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     def disable_external_framebuffer(self):
         if self.display != None:
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_FB_EXT, 0x00, KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while disabling external framebuffer on device")
 
     FB_PIXEL_WIDTH     = 64
     FB_BITS_PER_PIXEL  = 1
@@ -385,16 +385,16 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             data = line_byte+line_data
             escaped_data = KISS.escape(data)
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FB_WRITE])+escaped_data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-            
+
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
+                raise OSError("An IO error occurred while writing framebuffer data device")
 
     def hard_reset(self):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND, KISS.CMD_RESET, 0xf8, KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
+            raise OSError("An IO error occurred while restarting device")
         sleep(2.25);
 
     def setFrequency(self, frequency, interface):
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_FREQUENCY])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring frequency for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setBandwidth(self, bandwidth, interface):
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring bandwidth for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setTXPower(self, txpower, interface):
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXPOWER])+txp+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring TX power for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setSpreadingFactor(self, sf, interface):
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SF])+sf+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring spreading factor for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setCodingRate(self, cr, interface):
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_CR])+cr+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring coding rate for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setSTALock(self, st_alock, interface):
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_ST_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring short-term airtime limit for {self}")
             self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setLTALock(self, lt_alock, interface):
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
             written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
             if written != len(kiss_command):
-                raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for "+str(self))
+                raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring long-term airtime limit for {self}")
             self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def setRadioState(self, state, interface):
@@ -478,19 +478,19 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([interface.sel_cmd])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE])+bytes([state])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
         written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
         if written != len(kiss_command):
-            raise IOError("An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for "+str(self))
+            raise OSError(f"An IO error occurred while configuring radio state for {self}")
         self.selected_index = interface.index
 
     def validate_firmware(self):
         if (self.maj_version >= RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ):
             if (self.min_version >= RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN):
                 self.firmware_ok = True
-        
+
         if self.firmware_ok:
             return
 
-        RNS.log("The firmware version of the connected RNode is "+str(self.maj_version)+"."+str(self.min_version), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"The firmware version of the connected RNode is {self.maj_version}.{self.min_version}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-        RNS.log("This version of Reticulum requires at least version "+str(RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ)+"."+str(RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        RNS.log(f"This version of Reticulum requires at least version {RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MAJ}.{RNodeMultiInterface.REQUIRED_FW_VER_MIN}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
         RNS.log("Please update your RNode firmware with rnodeconf from https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/RNS/Utilities/rnodeconf.py")
         RNS.panic()
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
             self.txb += len(data)
 
             if written != len(frame):
-                raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
     def received_announce(self, from_spawned=False):
         if from_spawned: self.ia_freq_deque.append(time.time())
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_frequency = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting frequency is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_frequency/1000000.0)+" MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting frequency is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_frequency / 1000000.0} MHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_BANDWIDTH):
@@ -605,20 +605,20 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 command_buffer = command_buffer+bytes([byte])
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 4):
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_bandwidth = command_buffer[0] << 24 | command_buffer[1] << 16 | command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting bandwidth is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_bandwidth/1000.0)+" KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting bandwidth is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_bandwidth / 1000.0} KHz", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_TXPOWER):
                             txp = byte - 256 if byte > 127 else byte
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_txpower = txp
-                            RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting TX power is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_txpower)+" dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting TX power is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_txpower} dBm", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_SF):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_sf = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting spreading factor is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_sf), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting spreading factor is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_sf}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_CR):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_cr = byte
-                            RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting coding rate is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_cr), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting coding rate is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_cr}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].updateBitrate()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_STATE):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_state = byte
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 pass
                                 #RNS.log(str(self)+" Radio reporting state is online", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting state is offline", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RADIO_LOCK):
                             self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lock = byte
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_st_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_st_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting short-term airtime limit is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_st_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_LT_ALOCK):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 if (len(command_buffer) == 2):
                                     at = command_buffer[0] << 8 | command_buffer[1]
                                     self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lt_alock = at/100.0
-                                    RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lt_alock)+"%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting long-term airtime limit is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_lt_alock}%", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_STAT_CHTM):
                             if (byte == KISS.FESC):
                                 escape = True
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                     atl = command_buffer[2] << 8 | command_buffer[3]
                                     cus = command_buffer[4] << 8 | command_buffer[5]
                                     cul = command_buffer[6] << 8 | command_buffer[7]
-                                    
+
                                     self.r_airtime_short      = ats/100.0
                                     self.r_airtime_long       = atl/100.0
                                     self.r_channel_load_short = cus/100.0
@@ -766,9 +766,9 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                         self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_preamble_symbols  = prs
                                         self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_premable_time_ms  = prt
                                         self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_csma_slot_time_ms = cst
-                                        RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting symbol time is "+str(round(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_time_ms,2))+"ms (at "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_rate)+" baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting symbol time is {round(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_time_ms, 2)}ms (at {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_symbol_rate} baud)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting preamble is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_preamble_symbols)+" symbols ("+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_premable_time_ms)+"ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting preamble is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_preamble_symbols} symbols ({self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_premable_time_ms}ms)", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                                        RNS.log(str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index])+" Radio reporting CSMA slot time is "+str(self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_csma_slot_time_ms)+"ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index]} Radio reporting CSMA slot time is {self.subinterfaces[self.selected_index].r_csma_slot_time_ms}ms", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RANDOM):
                             self.r_random = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_PLATFORM):
@@ -777,20 +777,20 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                             self.mcu = byte
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_ERROR):
                             if (byte == KISS.ERROR_INITRADIO):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware initialisation error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware initialisation error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Radio initialisation failure")
+                                raise OSError("Radio initialisation failure")
                             elif (byte == KISS.ERROR_TXFAILED):
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware TX error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware TX error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Hardware transmit failure")
+                                raise OSError("Hardware transmit failure")
                             else:
-                                RNS.log(str(self)+" hardware error (code "+RNS.hexrep(byte)+")", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"{self} hardware error (code {RNS.hexrep(byte)})", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                raise IOError("Unknown hardware failure")
+                                raise OSError("Unknown hardware failure")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_RESET):
                             if (byte == 0xF8):
                                 if self.platform == KISS.PLATFORM_ESP32:
                                     if self.online:
                                         RNS.log("Detected reset while device was online, reinitialising device...", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                        raise IOError("ESP32 reset")
+                                        raise OSError("ESP32 reset")
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
                             self.process_queue()
                         elif (command == KISS.CMD_DETECT):
@@ -804,11 +804,11 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                 # add the interface to the back of the list, they're all given from vport 0 and up in order
                                 self.subinterface_types.append(KISS.interface_type_to_str(command_buffer[1]))
                                 command_buffer = b""
-                        
+
                 else:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-                        RNS.log(str(self)+" serial read timeout in command "+str(command), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"{self} serial read timeout in command {command}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         data_buffer = b""
                         in_frame = False
                         command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
@@ -824,14 +824,14 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                                         self.subinterfaces[interface.index].processOutgoing(self.id_callsign)
 
                                 if interface_available:
-                                    RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data on all subinterfaces: "+str(self.id_callsign.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Interface {self} is transmitting beacon data on all subinterfaces: {self.id_callsign.decode('utf-8')}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                     sleep(0.08)
 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
@@ -854,16 +854,16 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online and not self.detached:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         self.reconnecting = False
         if self.online:
-            RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+            RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def detach(self):
         self.detached = True
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ class RNodeMultiInterface(Interface):
                 interface.process_queue()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "RNodeMultiInterface["+str(self.name)+"]"
+        return f"RNodeMultiInterface[{self.name}]"
 
 class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
     LOW_FREQ_MIN = 137000000
@@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
             RNS.panic()
 
         super().__init__()
-        
+
         if index == 0:
             sel_cmd = KISS.CMD_SEL_INT0
             data_cmd= KISS.CMD_INT0_DATA
@@ -1019,42 +1019,42 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         self.validcfg  = True
         if (self.interface_type == "SX126X" or self.interface_type == "SX127X"):
             if (self.frequency < RNodeSubInterface.LOW_FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeSubInterface.LOW_FREQ_MAX):
-                RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         elif (self.interface_type == "SX128X"):
             if (self.frequency < RNodeSubInterface.HIGH_FREQ_MIN or self.frequency > RNodeSubInterface.HIGH_FREQ_MAX):
-                RNS.log("Invalid frequency configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Invalid frequency configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.validcfg = False
         else:
-            RNS.log("Invalid interface type configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid interface type configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.txpower < -9 or self.txpower > 27):
-            RNS.log("Invalid TX power configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid TX power configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.bandwidth < 7800 or self.bandwidth > 1625000):
-            RNS.log("Invalid bandwidth configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid bandwidth configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.sf < 5 or self.sf > 12):
-            RNS.log("Invalid spreading factor configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid spreading factor configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.cr < 5 or self.cr > 8):
-            RNS.log("Invalid coding rate configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid coding rate configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.st_alock and (self.st_alock < 0.0 or self.st_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid short-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (self.lt_alock and (self.lt_alock < 0.0 or self.lt_alock > 100.0)):
-            RNS.log("Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Invalid long-term airtime limit configured for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.validcfg = False
 
         if (not self.validcfg):
-            raise ValueError("The configuration for "+str(self)+" contains errors, interface is offline")
+            raise ValueError(f"The configuration for {self} contains errors, interface is offline")
 
         self.configure_device()
 
@@ -1068,18 +1068,18 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         self.r_lock      = None
         sleep(2.0)
 
-        RNS.log("Configuring RNode subinterface "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Configuring RNode subinterface {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.initRadio()
         if (self.validateRadioState()):
             self.interface_ready = True
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" is configured and powered up")
+            RNS.log(f"{self} is configured and powered up")
             sleep(0.3)
             self.online = True
         else:
-            RNS.log("After configuring "+str(self)+", the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"After configuring {self}, the reported radio parameters did not match your configuration.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Make sure that your hardware actually supports the parameters specified in the configuration", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             RNS.log("Aborting RNode startup", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
 
     def initRadio(self):
         self.parent_interface.setFrequency(self.frequency, self)
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         self.state = KISS.RADIO_STATE_ON
 
     def validateRadioState(self):
-        RNS.log("Waiting for radio configuration validation for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Waiting for radio configuration validation for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         sleep(0.25);
 
         self.validcfg = True
@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.bitrate = self.r_sf * ( (4.0/self.r_cr) / (math.pow(2,self.r_sf)/(self.r_bandwidth/1000)) ) * 1000
             self.bitrate_kbps = round(self.bitrate/1000.0, 2)
-            RNS.log(str(self)+" On-air bitrate is now "+str(self.bitrate_kbps)+ " kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"{self} On-air bitrate is now {self.bitrate_kbps} kbps", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         except:
             self.bitrate = 0
 
@@ -1162,4 +1162,4 @@ class RNodeSubInterface(Interface):
             self.interface_ready = True
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return self.parent_interface.name+"["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"{self.parent_interface.name}[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/SerialInterface.py

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         super().__init__()
 
         self.HW_MTU = 564
-        
+
         self.pyserial = serial
         self.serial   = None
         self.owner    = owner
@@ -86,17 +86,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         try:
             self.open_port()
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not open serial port for interface {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
         if self.serial.is_open:
             self.configure_device()
         else:
-            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+            raise OSError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
     def open_port(self):
-        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Opening serial port {self.port}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
             port = self.port,
             baudrate = self.speed,
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
         self.online = True
-        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Serial port {self.port} is now open", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
-        self.rxb += len(data)            
+        self.rxb += len(data)
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
 
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         if self.online:
             data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
             written = self.serial.write(data)
-            self.txb += len(data)            
+            self.txb += len(data)
             if written != len(data):
-                raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+                raise OSError(f"Serial interface only wrote {written} bytes of {len(data)}")
 
 
     def readLoop(self):
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
                                     byte = HDLC.ESC
                                 escape = False
                             data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
-                        
+
                 else:
                     time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
                     if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
@@ -172,12 +172,12 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
                         in_frame = False
                         escape = False
                     sleep(0.08)
-                    
+
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            
+
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
@@ -191,17 +191,17 @@ class SerialInterface(Interface):
         while not self.online:
             try:
                 time.sleep(5)
-                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Attempting to reconnect serial port {self.port} for {self}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                 self.open_port()
                 if self.serial.is_open:
                     self.configure_device()
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+        RNS.log(f"Reconnected serial port for {self}")
 
     def should_ingress_limit(self):
         return False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "SerialInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        return f"SerialInterface[{self.name}]"

RNS/Interfaces/TCPInterface.py

@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
     def __init__(self, owner, name, target_ip=None, target_port=None, connected_socket=None, max_reconnect_tries=None, kiss_framing=False, i2p_tunneled = False, connect_timeout = None):
         super().__init__()
-        
+
         self.HW_MTU = 1064
-        
+
         self.IN               = True
         self.OUT              = False
         self.socket           = None
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
         self.i2p_tunneled     = i2p_tunneled
         self.mode             = RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
         self.bitrate          = TCPClientInterface.BITRATE_GUESS
-        
+
         if max_reconnect_tries == None:
             self.max_reconnect_tries = TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_MAX_TRIES
         else:
@@ -128,14 +128,14 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                 self.connect_timeout = connect_timeout
             else:
                 self.connect_timeout = TCPClientInterface.INITIAL_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
-            
+
             if TCPClientInterface.SYNCHRONOUS_START:
                 self.initial_connect()
             else:
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.initial_connect)
                 thread.daemon = True
                 thread.start()
-            
+
     def initial_connect(self):
         if not self.connect(initial=True):
             thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect)
@@ -170,35 +170,35 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
             TCP_KEEPIDLE = 0x10
 
         self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
-        
+
         if not self.i2p_tunneled:
             self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPIDLE, int(TCPClientInterface.TCP_PROBE_AFTER))
         else:
             self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPIDLE, int(TCPClientInterface.I2P_PROBE_AFTER))
-        
+
     def detach(self):
         if self.socket != None:
             if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
                 if callable(self.socket.close):
-                    RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.detached = True
-                    
+
                     try:
                         self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     try:
                         self.socket.close()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while closing socket for {self}: {e}")
 
                     self.socket = None
 
     def connect(self, initial=False):
         try:
             if initial:
-                RNS.log("Establishing TCP connection for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Establishing TCP connection for {self}...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
             self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
             self.socket.settimeout(TCPClientInterface.INITIAL_CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
             self.online  = True
 
             if initial:
-                RNS.log("TCP connection for "+str(self)+" established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"TCP connection for {self} established", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-        
+
         except Exception as e:
             if initial:
-                RNS.log("Initial connection for "+str(self)+" could not be established: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Initial connection for {self} could not be established: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in "+str(TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT)+" seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in {TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT} seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 return False
-            
+
             else:
                 raise e
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
             self.set_timeouts_linux()
         elif platform.system() == "Darwin":
             self.set_timeouts_osx()
-        
+
         self.online  = True
         self.writing = False
         self.never_connected = False
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                     attempts += 1
 
                     if self.max_reconnect_tries != None and attempts > self.max_reconnect_tries:
-                        RNS.log("Max reconnection attempts reached for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Max reconnection attempts reached for {self}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         self.teardown()
                         break
 
@@ -249,10 +249,10 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                         self.connect()
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Connection attempt for {self} failed: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 if not self.never_connected:
-                    RNS.log("Reconnected socket for "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+                    RNS.log(f"Reconnected socket for {self}.", RNS.LOG_INFO)
 
                 self.reconnecting = False
                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
@@ -263,13 +263,13 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
         else:
             RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface")
+            raise OSError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface")
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
         self.rxb += len(data)
         if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
             self.parent_interface.rxb += len(data)
-                    
+
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
     def processOutgoing(self, data):
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                     self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Exception occurred while transmitting via {self}, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.teardown()
 
 
@@ -361,18 +361,18 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                 else:
                     self.online = False
                     if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-                        RNS.log("The socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.log(f"The socket for {self} was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                         self.reconnect()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("The socket for remote client "+str(self)+" was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"The socket for remote client {self} was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                         self.teardown()
 
                     break
 
-                
+
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("An interface error occurred for "+str(self)+", the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+            RNS.log(f"An interface error occurred for {self}, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
 
             if self.initiator:
                 RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
@@ -382,12 +382,12 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
     def teardown(self):
         if self.initiator and not self.detached:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
                 RNS.panic()
 
         else:
-            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"The interface {self} is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         self.online = False
         self.OUT = False
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "TCPInterface["+str(self.name)+"/"+str(self.target_ip)+":"+str(self.target_port)+"]"
+        return f"TCPInterface[{self.name}/{self.target_ip}:{self.target_port}]"
 
 
 class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
 
         self.online = False
         self.clients = 0
-        
+
         self.IN  = True
         self.OUT = False
         self.name = name
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
 
     def incoming_connection(self, handler):
         RNS.log("Accepting incoming TCP connection", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-        interface_name = "Client on "+self.name
+        interface_name = f"Client on {self.name}"
         spawned_interface = TCPClientInterface(self.owner, interface_name, target_ip=None, target_port=None, connected_socket=handler.request, i2p_tunneled=self.i2p_tunneled)
         spawned_interface.OUT = self.OUT
         spawned_interface.IN  = self.IN
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
         spawned_interface.target_port = str(handler.client_address[1])
         spawned_interface.parent_interface = self
         spawned_interface.bitrate = self.bitrate
-        
+
         spawned_interface.ifac_size = self.ifac_size
         spawned_interface.ifac_netname = self.ifac_netname
         spawned_interface.ifac_netkey = self.ifac_netkey
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
         spawned_interface.mode = self.mode
         spawned_interface.HW_MTU = self.HW_MTU
         spawned_interface.online = True
-        RNS.log("Spawned new TCPClient Interface: "+str(spawned_interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Spawned new TCPClient Interface: {spawned_interface}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(spawned_interface)
         self.clients += 1
         spawned_interface.read_loop()
@@ -521,17 +521,17 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
             if hasattr(self.server, "shutdown"):
                 if callable(self.server.shutdown):
                     try:
-                        RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Detaching {self}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                         self.server.shutdown()
                         self.detached = True
                         self.server = None
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down server for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while shutting down server for {self}: {e}")
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "TCPServerInterface["+self.name+"/"+self.bind_ip+":"+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+        return f"TCPServerInterface[{self.name}/{self.bind_ip}:{self.bind_port}]"
 
 
 class TCPInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):

RNS/Interfaces/UDPInterface.py

@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ class UDPInterface(Interface):
             udp_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_BROADCAST, 1)
             udp_socket.sendto(data, (self.forward_ip, self.forward_port))
             self.txb += len(data)
-            
+
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not transmit on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not transmit on {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "UDPInterface["+self.name+"/"+self.bind_ip+":"+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+        return f"UDPInterface[{self.name}/{self.bind_ip}:{self.bind_port}]"
 
 class UDPInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/__init__.py

@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ import os
 import glob
 import RNS.Interfaces.Android
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Link.py

@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ class Link:
                 link.destination = packet.destination
                 link.establishment_timeout = Link.ESTABLISHMENT_TIMEOUT_PER_HOP * max(1, packet.hops) + Link.KEEPALIVE
                 link.establishment_cost += len(packet.raw)
-                RNS.log("Validating link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Validating link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id)}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-                RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(link.establishment_timeout)} for incoming link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(link.establishment_timeout)} for incoming link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(link.link_id)}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
                 link.handshake()
                 link.attached_interface = packet.receiving_interface
                 link.prove()
@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@ class Link:
                 RNS.Transport.register_link(link)
                 link.last_inbound = time.time()
                 link.start_watchdog()
-                
+
-                RNS.log("Incoming link request "+str(link)+" accepted on "+str(link.attached_interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Incoming link request {link} accepted on {link.attached_interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 return link
 
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Validating link request failed", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-                RNS.log("exc: "+str(e))
+                RNS.log(f"exc: {e}")
                 return None
 
         else:
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class Link:
             self.sig_prv = Ed25519PrivateKey.generate()
 
         self.fernet  = None
-        
+
         self.pub = self.prv.public_key()
         self.pub_bytes = self.pub.public_bytes()
 
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ class Link:
             self.start_watchdog()
             self.packet.send()
             self.had_outbound()
-            RNS.log("Link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id)+" sent to "+str(self.destination), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id)} sent to {self.destination}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-            RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(self.establishment_timeout)} for link request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Establishment timeout is {RNS.prettytime(self.establishment_timeout)} for link request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.link_id)}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
 
 
     def load_peer(self, peer_pub_bytes, peer_sig_pub_bytes):
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class Link:
                 context=self.get_context(),
             )
         else:
-            RNS.log("Handshake attempt on "+str(self)+" with invalid state "+str(self.status), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Handshake attempt on {self} with invalid state {self.status}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def prove(self):
@@ -288,10 +288,10 @@ class Link:
                     self.establishment_cost += len(packet.raw)
                     signed_data = self.link_id+self.peer_pub_bytes+self.peer_sig_pub_bytes
                     signature = packet.data[:RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
-                    
+
                     if self.destination.identity.validate(signature, signed_data):
                         if self.status != Link.HANDSHAKE:
-                            raise IOError("Invalid link state for proof validation: "+str(self.status))
+                            raise OSError(f"Invalid link state for proof validation: {self.status}")
 
                         self.rtt = time.time() - self.request_time
                         self.attached_interface = packet.receiving_interface
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ class Link:
                         self.activated_at = time.time()
                         self.last_proof = self.activated_at
                         RNS.Transport.activate_link(self)
-                        RNS.log("Link "+str(self)+" established with "+str(self.destination)+", RTT is "+str(round(self.rtt, 3))+"s", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        RNS.log(f"Link {self} established with {self.destination}, RTT is {round(self.rtt, 3)}s", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-                        
+
                         if self.rtt != None and self.establishment_cost != None and self.rtt > 0 and self.establishment_cost > 0:
                             self.establishment_rate = self.establishment_cost/self.rtt
 
@@ -315,12 +315,12 @@ class Link:
                             thread.daemon = True
                             thread.start()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Invalid link proof signature received by "+str(self)+". Ignoring.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                        RNS.log(f"Invalid link proof signature received by {self}. Ignoring.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-        
+
         except Exception as e:
             self.status = Link.CLOSED
-            RNS.log("An error ocurred while validating link request proof on "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while validating link request proof on {self}.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def identify(self, identity):
@@ -377,10 +377,10 @@ class Link:
                     timeout = timeout,
                     request_size = len(packed_request),
                 )
-            
+
         else:
             request_id = RNS.Identity.truncated_hash(packed_request)
-            RNS.log("Sending request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Sending request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             request_resource = RNS.Resource(packed_request, self, request_id = request_id, is_response = False, timeout = timeout)
 
             return RequestReceipt(
@@ -411,10 +411,10 @@ class Link:
                     if self.owner.callbacks.link_established != None:
                             self.owner.callbacks.link_established(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error occurred in external link establishment callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error occurred in external link establishment callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error occurred while processing RTT packet, tearing down link. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while processing RTT packet, tearing down link. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.teardown()
 
     def track_phy_stats(self, track):
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ class Link:
             resource.cancel()
         if self._channel:
             self._channel._shutdown()
-            
+
         self.prv = None
         self.pub = None
         self.pub_bytes = None
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ class Link:
             try:
                 self.callbacks.link_closed(self)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while executing link closed callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while executing link closed callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def start_watchdog(self):
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ class Link:
                             self.status = Link.STALE
                         else:
                             sleep_time = self.keepalive
-                    
+
                     else:
                         sleep_time = (last_inbound + self.keepalive) - time.time()
 
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ class Link:
                 if sleep_time == 0:
                     RNS.log("Warning! Link watchdog sleep time of 0!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 if sleep_time == None or sleep_time < 0:
-                    RNS.log("Timing error! Tearing down link "+str(self)+" now.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Timing error! Tearing down link {self} now.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     self.teardown()
                     sleep_time = 0.1
 
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ class Link:
                 self.snr = packet.snr
             if packet.q != None:
                 self.q = packet.q
-    
+
     def send_keepalive(self):
         keepalive_packet = RNS.Packet(self, bytes([0xFF]), context=RNS.Packet.KEEPALIVE)
         keepalive_packet.send()
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class Link:
                         allowed = True
 
                 if allowed:
-                    RNS.log("Handling request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" for: "+str(path), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Handling request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} for: {path}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     if len(inspect.signature(response_generator).parameters) == 5:
                         response = response_generator(path, request_data, request_id, self.__remote_identity, requested_at)
                     elif len(inspect.signature(response_generator).parameters) == 6:
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ class Link:
                             response_resource = RNS.Resource(packed_response, self, request_id = request_id, is_response = True)
                 else:
                     identity_string = str(self.get_remote_identity()) if self.get_remote_identity() != None else "<Unknown>"
-                    RNS.log("Request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+" from "+identity_string+" not allowed for: "+str(path), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Request {RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)} from {identity_string} not allowed for: {path}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def handle_response(self, request_id, response_data, response_size, response_transfer_size):
         if self.status == Link.ACTIVE:
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ class Link:
                         pending_request.response_transfer_size += response_transfer_size
                         pending_request.response_received(response_data)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     break
 
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ class Link:
 
             self.handle_request(request_id, request_data)
         else:
-            RNS.log("Incoming request resource failed with status: "+RNS.hexrep([resource.status]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Incoming request resource failed with status: {RNS.hexrep([resource.status])}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
     def response_resource_concluded(self, resource):
         if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ class Link:
 
             self.handle_response(request_id, response_data, resource.total_size, resource.size)
         else:
-            RNS.log("Incoming response resource failed with status: "+RNS.hexrep([resource.status]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Incoming response resource failed with status: {RNS.hexrep([resource.status])}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             for pending_request in self.pending_requests:
                 if pending_request.request_id == resource.request_id:
                     pending_request.request_timed_out(None)
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ class Link:
                                 thread = threading.Thread(target=self.callbacks.packet, args=(plaintext, packet))
                                 thread.daemon = True
                                 thread.start()
-                            
+
                             if self.destination.proof_strategy == RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL:
                                 packet.prove()
                                 should_query = True
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ class Link:
                                             packet.prove()
                                             should_query = True
                                     except Exception as e:
-                                        RNS.log("Error while executing proof request callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing proof request callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                             self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=should_query)
 
@@ -814,8 +814,8 @@ class Link:
                                         try:
                                             self.callbacks.remote_identified(self, self.__remote_identity)
                                         except Exception as e:
-                                            RNS.log("Error while executing remote identified callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing remote identified callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                
+
                                     self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=True)
 
                     elif packet.context == RNS.Packet.REQUEST:
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ class Link:
                                 self.handle_request(request_id, unpacked_request)
                                 self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=True)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error occurred while handling request. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while handling request. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     elif packet.context == RNS.Packet.RESPONSE:
                         try:
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ class Link:
                                 self.handle_response(request_id, response_data, transfer_size, transfer_size)
                                 self.__update_phy_stats(packet, query_shared=True)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error occurred while handling response. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     elif packet.context == RNS.Packet.LRRTT:
                         if not self.initiator:
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ class Link:
                                         if self.callbacks.resource(resource_advertisement):
                                             RNS.Resource.accept(packet, self.callbacks.resource_concluded)
                                     except Exception as e:
-                                        RNS.log("Error while executing resource accept callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource accept callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             elif self.resource_strategy == Link.ACCEPT_ALL:
                                 RNS.Resource.accept(packet, self.callbacks.resource_concluded)
 
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ class Link:
                                     if not packet.packet_hash in resource.req_hashlist:
                                         resource.req_hashlist.append(packet.packet_hash)
                                         resource.request(plaintext)
-                                        
+
                                         # TODO: Test and possibly enable this at some point
                                         # def request_job():
                                         #     resource.request(plaintext)
@@ -970,13 +970,13 @@ class Link:
                 try:
                     self.fernet = Fernet(self.derived_key)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Could not instantiate Fernet while performin encryption on link "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Could not instantiate Fernet while performin encryption on link {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     raise e
 
             return self.fernet.encrypt(plaintext)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Encryption on link "+str(self)+" failed. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Encryption on link {self} failed. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             raise e
 
 
@@ -984,11 +984,11 @@ class Link:
         try:
             if not self.fernet:
                 self.fernet = Fernet(self.derived_key)
-                
+
             return self.fernet.decrypt(ciphertext)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Decryption failed on link "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Decryption failed on link {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             return None
 
 
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
         elif self.resource != None:
             self.hash = resource.request_id
             resource.set_callback(self.request_resource_concluded)
-        
+
         self.link                   = link
         self.request_id             = self.hash
         self.request_size           = request_size
@@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
 
     def request_resource_concluded(self, resource):
         if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-            RNS.log("Request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)+" successfully sent as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)} successfully sent as resource.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             if self.started_at == None:
                 self.started_at = time.time()
             self.status = RequestReceipt.DELIVERED
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
             response_timeout_thread.daemon = True
             response_timeout_thread.start()
         else:
-            RNS.log("Sending request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)+" as resource failed with status: "+RNS.hexrep([resource.status]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Sending request {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.request_id)} as resource failed with status: {RNS.hexrep([resource.status])}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             self.status = RequestReceipt.FAILED
             self.concluded_at = time.time()
             self.link.pending_requests.remove(self)
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
                 try:
                     self.callbacks.failed(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing request failed callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing request failed callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def __response_timeout_job(self):
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ class RequestReceipt():
             try:
                 self.callbacks.failed(self)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while executing request timed out callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while executing request timed out callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
     def response_resource_progress(self, resource):
@@ -1224,16 +1224,16 @@ class RequestReceipt():
                             self.packet_receipt.callbacks.delivery(self.packet_receipt)
 
                 self.progress = resource.get_progress()
-                
+
                 if self.callbacks.progress != None:
                     try:
                         self.callbacks.progress(self)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while executing response progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing response progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             else:
                 resource.cancel()
 
-    
+
     def response_received(self, response):
         if not self.status == RequestReceipt.FAILED:
             self.progress = 1.0
@@ -1252,13 +1252,13 @@ class RequestReceipt():
                 try:
                     self.callbacks.progress(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing response progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing response progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
             if self.callbacks.response != None:
                 try:
                     self.callbacks.response(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing response received callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing response received callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def get_request_id(self):
         """

RNS/Packet.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class Packet:
     # the below calculation; 383 bytes.
     ENCRYPTED_MDU  = math.floor((RNS.Reticulum.MDU-RNS.Identity.FERNET_OVERHEAD-RNS.Identity.KEYSIZE//16)/RNS.Identity.AES128_BLOCKSIZE)*RNS.Identity.AES128_BLOCKSIZE - 1
     """
-    The maximum size of the payload data in a single encrypted packet 
+    The maximum size of the payload data in a single encrypted packet
     """
     PLAIN_MDU      = MDU
     """
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ class Packet:
                         # Announce packets are not encrypted
                         self.ciphertext = self.data
                 else:
-                    raise IOError("Packet with header type 2 must have a transport ID")
+                    raise OSError("Packet with header type 2 must have a transport ID")
 
 
         self.header += bytes([self.context])
         self.raw = self.header + self.ciphertext
 
         if len(self.raw) > self.MTU:
-            raise IOError("Packet size of "+str(len(self.raw))+" exceeds MTU of "+str(self.MTU)+" bytes")
+            raise OSError(f"Packet size of {len(self.raw)} exceeds MTU of {self.MTU} bytes")
 
         self.packed = True
         self.update_hash()
@@ -250,19 +250,19 @@ class Packet:
             return True
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Received malformed packet, dropping it. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            RNS.log(f"Received malformed packet, dropping it. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
             return False
 
     def send(self):
         """
         Sends the packet.
-        
+
         :returns: A :ref:`RNS.PacketReceipt<api-packetreceipt>` instance if *create_receipt* was set to *True* when the packet was instantiated, if not returns *None*. If the packet could not be sent *False* is returned.
         """
         if not self.sent:
             if self.destination.type == RNS.Destination.LINK:
                 if self.destination.status == RNS.Link.CLOSED:
-                    raise IOError("Attempt to transmit over a closed link")
+                    raise OSError("Attempt to transmit over a closed link")
                 else:
                     self.destination.last_outbound = time.time()
                     self.destination.tx += 1
@@ -278,21 +278,21 @@ class Packet:
                 self.sent = False
                 self.receipt = None
                 return False
-                
+
         else:
-            raise IOError("Packet was already sent")
+            raise OSError("Packet was already sent")
 
     def resend(self):
         """
         Re-sends the packet.
-        
+
         :returns: A :ref:`RNS.PacketReceipt<api-packetreceipt>` instance if *create_receipt* was set to *True* when the packet was instantiated, if not returns *None*. If the packet could not be sent *False* is returned.
         """
         if self.sent:
             # Re-pack the packet to obtain new ciphertext for
             # encrypted destinations
             self.pack()
-            
+
             if RNS.Transport.outbound(self):
                 return self.receipt
             else:
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class Packet:
                 self.receipt = None
                 return False
         else:
-            raise IOError("Packet was not sent yet")
+            raise OSError("Packet was not sent yet")
 
     def prove(self, destination=None):
         if self.fromPacked and hasattr(self, "destination") and self.destination:
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class PacketReceipt:
 
     def get_status(self):
         """
-        :returns: The status of the associated :ref:`RNS.Packet<api-packet>` instance. Can be one of ``RNS.PacketReceipt.SENT``, ``RNS.PacketReceipt.DELIVERED``, ``RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED`` or ``RNS.PacketReceipt.CULLED``. 
+        :returns: The status of the associated :ref:`RNS.Packet<api-packet>` instance. Can be one of ``RNS.PacketReceipt.SENT``, ``RNS.PacketReceipt.DELIVERED``, ``RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED`` or ``RNS.PacketReceipt.CULLED``.
         """
         return self.status
 
@@ -419,10 +419,10 @@ class PacketReceipt:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.delivery(self)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("An error occurred while evaluating external delivery callback for "+str(link), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"An error occurred while evaluating external delivery callback for {link}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             RNS.trace_exception(e)
-                            
+
                     return True
                 else:
                     return False
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ class PacketReceipt:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.delivery(self)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     return True
                 else:
@@ -489,8 +489,8 @@ class PacketReceipt:
                         try:
                             self.callbacks.delivery(self)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            
+
                     return True
             else:
                 return False
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ class PacketReceipt:
     def set_timeout(self, timeout):
         """
         Sets a timeout in seconds
-        
+
         :param timeout: The timeout in seconds.
         """
         self.timeout = float(timeout)

RNS/Resolver.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 # SOFTWARE.
 
 class Resolver:
-  
+
   @staticmethod
   def resolve_identity(full_name):
     pass

RNS/Resource.py

@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ class Resource:
 
     # The maximum window size for transfers on fast links
     WINDOW_MAX_FAST      = 75
-    
+
     # For calculating maps and guard segments, this
     # must be set to the global maximum window.
     WINDOW_MAX           = WINDOW_MAX_FAST
-    
+
     # If the fast rate is sustained for this many request
     # rounds, the fast link window size will be allowed.
     FAST_RATE_THRESHOLD  = WINDOW_MAX_SLOW - WINDOW - 2
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class Resource:
     # fit in 3 bytes in resource advertisements.
     MAX_EFFICIENT_SIZE      = 16 * 1024 * 1024 - 1
     RESPONSE_MAX_GRACE_TIME = 10
-    
+
     # The maximum size to auto-compress with
     # bz2 before sending.
     AUTO_COMPRESS_MAX_SIZE = MAX_EFFICIENT_SIZE
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class Resource:
             resource.window_flexibility  = Resource.WINDOW_FLEXIBILITY
             resource.last_activity       = time.time()
 
-            resource.storagepath         = RNS.Reticulum.resourcepath+"/"+resource.original_hash.hex()
+            resource.storagepath         = f"{RNS.Reticulum.resourcepath}/{resource.original_hash.hex()}"
             resource.segment_index       = adv.i
             resource.total_segments      = adv.l
             if adv.l > 1:
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class Resource:
             resource.waiting_for_hmu = False
             resource.receiving_part = False
             resource.consecutive_completed_height = -1
-            
+
             if not resource.link.has_incoming_resource(resource):
                 resource.link.register_incoming_resource(resource)
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class Resource:
                     try:
                         resource.link.callbacks.resource_started(resource)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while executing resource started callback from "+str(resource)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource started callback from {resource}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 resource.hashmap_update(0, resource.hashmap_raw)
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class Resource:
                 return resource
 
             else:
-                RNS.log("Ignoring resource advertisement for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)+", resource already transferring", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Ignoring resource advertisement for {RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)}, resource already transferring", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 return None
 
         except Exception as e:
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class Resource:
             data_size = len(data)
             self.grand_total_parts = math.ceil(data_size/Resource.SDU)
             self.total_size  = data_size
-            
+
             resource_data = data
             self.total_segments = 1
             self.segment_index  = 1
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class Resource:
             if (auto_compress and len(self.uncompressed_data) <= Resource.AUTO_COMPRESS_MAX_SIZE):
                 RNS.log("Compressing resource data...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 self.compressed_data   = bz2.compress(self.uncompressed_data)
-                RNS.log("Compression completed in "+str(round(time.time()-compression_began, 3))+" seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Compression completed in {round(time.time() - compression_began, 3)} seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
             else:
                 self.compressed_data   = self.uncompressed_data
 
@@ -318,12 +318,12 @@ class Resource:
 
             if (self.compressed_size < self.uncompressed_size and auto_compress):
                 saved_bytes = len(self.uncompressed_data) - len(self.compressed_data)
-                RNS.log("Compression saved "+str(saved_bytes)+" bytes, sending compressed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Compression saved {saved_bytes} bytes, sending compressed", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 self.data  = b""
                 self.data += RNS.Identity.get_random_hash()[:Resource.RANDOM_HASH_SIZE]
                 self.data += self.compressed_data
-                
+
                 self.compressed = True
                 self.uncompressed_data = None
 
@@ -348,11 +348,11 @@ class Resource:
             self.size = len(self.data)
             self.sent_parts = 0
             hashmap_entries = int(math.ceil(self.size/float(Resource.SDU)))
-                
+
             hashmap_ok = False
             while not hashmap_ok:
                 hashmap_computation_began = time.time()
-                RNS.log("Starting resource hashmap computation with "+str(hashmap_entries)+" entries...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Starting resource hashmap computation with {hashmap_entries} entries...", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                 self.random_hash       = RNS.Identity.get_random_hash()[:Resource.RANDOM_HASH_SIZE]
                 self.hash = RNS.Identity.full_hash(data+self.random_hash)
@@ -388,13 +388,13 @@ class Resource:
                         self.hashmap += part.map_hash
                         self.parts.append(part)
 
-                RNS.log("Hashmap computation concluded in "+str(round(time.time()-hashmap_computation_began, 3))+" seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Hashmap computation concluded in {round(time.time() - hashmap_computation_began, 3)} seconds", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                
+
             if advertise:
                 self.advertise()
         else:
             self.receive_lock = Lock()
-            
+
 
     def hashmap_update_packet(self, plaintext):
         if not self.status == Resource.FAILED:
@@ -447,9 +447,9 @@ class Resource:
             self.status = Resource.ADVERTISED
             self.retries_left = self.max_adv_retries
             self.link.register_outgoing_resource(self)
-            RNS.log("Sent resource advertisement for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            RNS.log(f"Sent resource advertisement for {RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Could not advertise resource, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not advertise resource, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.cancel()
             return
 
@@ -487,9 +487,9 @@ class Resource:
                             self.adv_sent = self.last_activity
                             sleep_time = 0.001
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("Could not resend advertisement packet, cancelling resource. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                            RNS.log(f"Could not resend advertisement packet, cancelling resource. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
                             self.cancel()
-                    
+
 
             elif self.status == Resource.TRANSFERRING:
                 if not self.initiator:
@@ -504,11 +504,11 @@ class Resource:
                     retries_used = self.max_retries - self.retries_left
                     extra_wait = retries_used * Resource.PER_RETRY_DELAY
                     sleep_time = self.last_activity + (rtt*(self.part_timeout_factor+window_remaining)) + Resource.RETRY_GRACE_TIME + extra_wait - time.time()
-                    
+
                     if sleep_time < 0:
                         if self.retries_left > 0:
                             ms = "" if self.outstanding_parts == 1 else "s"
-                            RNS.log("Timed out waiting for "+str(self.outstanding_parts)+" part"+ms+", requesting retry", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                            RNS.log(f"Timed out waiting for {self.outstanding_parts} part{ms}, requesting retry", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                             if self.window > self.window_min:
                                 self.window -= 1
                                 if self.window_max > self.window_min:
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ class Resource:
             if sleep_time == None or sleep_time < 0:
                 RNS.log("Timing error, cancelling resource transfer.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.cancel()
-            
+
             if sleep_time != None:
                 sleep(min(sleep_time, Resource.WATCHDOG_MAX_SLEEP))
 
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ class Resource:
 
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Error while assembling received resource.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.status = Resource.CORRUPT
 
             self.link.resource_concluded(self)
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ class Resource:
                     try:
                         self.callback(self)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Error while executing resource assembled callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource assembled callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                 try:
                     if hasattr(self.data, "close") and callable(self.data.close):
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ class Resource:
                     RNS.log("Error while cleaning up resource files, the contained exception was:", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     RNS.log(str(e))
             else:
-                RNS.log("Resource segment "+str(self.segment_index)+" of "+str(self.total_segments)+" received, waiting for next segment to be announced", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Resource segment {self.segment_index} of {self.total_segments} received, waiting for next segment to be announced", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
 
     def prove(self):
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class Resource:
                 proof_packet.send()
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Could not send proof packet, cancelling resource", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 self.cancel()
 
     def __prepare_next_segment(self):
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ class Resource:
                             try:
                                 self.callback(self)
                             except Exception as e:
-                                RNS.log("Error while executing resource concluded callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"Error while executing resource concluded callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             finally:
                                 try:
                                     if hasattr(self, "input_file"):
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ class Resource:
                                             self.input_file.close()
 
                                 except Exception as e:
-                                    RNS.log("Error while closing resource input file: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Error while closing resource input file: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     else:
                         # Otherwise we'll recursively create the
                         # next segment of the resource
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ class Resource:
             if self.req_resp == None:
                 self.req_resp = self.last_activity
                 rtt = self.req_resp-self.req_sent
-                
+
                 self.part_timeout_factor = Resource.PART_TIMEOUT_FACTOR_AFTER_RTT
                 if self.rtt == None:
                     self.rtt = self.link.rtt
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ class Resource:
                             # Update consecutive completed pointer
                             if i == self.consecutive_completed_height + 1:
                                 self.consecutive_completed_height = i
-                            
+
                             cp = self.consecutive_completed_height + 1
                             while cp < len(self.parts) and self.parts[cp] != None:
                                 self.consecutive_completed_height = cp
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ class Resource:
                                 try:
                                     self.__progress_callback(self)
                                 except Exception as e:
-                                    RNS.log("Error while executing progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     i += 1
 
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ class Resource:
                 i = 0; pn = self.consecutive_completed_height+1
                 search_start = pn
                 search_size = self.window
-                
+
                 for part in self.parts[search_start:search_start+search_size]:
                     if part == None:
                         part_hash = self.hashmap[pn]
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ class Resource:
 
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Could not send resource request packet, cancelling resource", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.cancel()
 
     # Called on outgoing resource to make it send more data
@@ -876,12 +876,12 @@ class Resource:
 
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Resource could not send parts, cancelling transfer!", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.cancel()
-            
+
             if wants_more_hashmap:
                 last_map_hash = request_data[1:Resource.MAPHASH_LEN+1]
-                
+
                 part_index   = self.receiver_min_consecutive_height
                 search_start = part_index
                 search_end   = self.receiver_min_consecutive_height+ResourceAdvertisement.COLLISION_GUARD_SIZE
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ class Resource:
                 else:
                     segment = part_index // ResourceAdvertisement.HASHMAP_MAX_LEN
 
-                
+
                 hashmap_start = segment*ResourceAdvertisement.HASHMAP_MAX_LEN
                 hashmap_end   = min((segment+1)*ResourceAdvertisement.HASHMAP_MAX_LEN, len(self.parts))
 
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ class Resource:
                     self.last_activity = time.time()
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Could not send resource HMU packet, cancelling resource", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     self.cancel()
 
             if self.sent_parts == len(self.parts):
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ class Resource:
                 try:
                     self.__progress_callback(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing progress callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing progress callback from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def cancel(self):
         """
@@ -939,17 +939,17 @@ class Resource:
                         cancel_packet = RNS.Packet(self.link, self.hash, context=RNS.Packet.RESOURCE_ICL)
                         cancel_packet.send()
                     except Exception as e:
-                        RNS.log("Could not send resource cancel packet, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Could not send resource cancel packet, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 self.link.cancel_outgoing_resource(self)
             else:
                 self.link.cancel_incoming_resource(self)
-            
+
             if self.callback != None:
                 try:
                     self.link.resource_concluded(self)
                     self.callback(self)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    RNS.log("Error while executing callbacks on resource cancel from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Error while executing callbacks on resource cancel from {self}. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def set_callback(self, callback):
         self.callback = callback
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ class Resource:
             self.processed_parts += self.sent_parts
             self.progress_total_parts = float(self.grand_total_parts)
         else:
-            self.processed_parts  = (self.segment_index-1)*math.ceil(Resource.MAX_EFFICIENT_SIZE/Resource.SDU)            
+            self.processed_parts  = (self.segment_index-1)*math.ceil(Resource.MAX_EFFICIENT_SIZE/Resource.SDU)
             self.processed_parts += self.received_count
             if self.split:
                 self.progress_total_parts = float(math.ceil(self.total_size/Resource.SDU))
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ class Resource:
         return self.compressed
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "<"+RNS.hexrep(self.hash,delimit=False)+"/"+RNS.hexrep(self.link.link_id,delimit=False)+">"
+        return f"<{RNS.hexrep(self.hash, delimit=False)}/{RNS.hexrep(self.link.link_id, delimit=False)}>"
 
 
 class ResourceAdvertisement:
@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ class ResourceAdvertisement:
     @staticmethod
     def unpack(data):
         dictionary = umsgpack.unpackb(data)
-        
+
         adv   = ResourceAdvertisement()
         adv.t = dictionary["t"]
         adv.d = dictionary["d"]

RNS/Reticulum.py

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class Reticulum:
     HEADER_MAXSIZE   = 2+1+(TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
     IFAC_MIN_SIZE    = 1
     IFAC_SALT        = bytes.fromhex("adf54d882c9a9b80771eb4995d702d4a3e733391b2a0f53f416d9f907e55cff8")
-    
+
     MDU              = MTU - HEADER_MAXSIZE - IFAC_MIN_SIZE
 
     RESOURCE_CACHE   = 24*60*60
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class Reticulum:
 
     router           = None
     config           = None
-    
+
     # The default configuration path will be expanded to a directory
     # named ".reticulum" inside the current users home directory
     userdir          = os.path.expanduser("~")
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class Reticulum:
     cachepath        = ""
 
     __instance       = None
-    
+
     @staticmethod
     def exit_handler():
         # This exit handler is called whenever Reticulum is asked to
@@ -203,20 +203,20 @@ class Reticulum:
         else:
             if os.path.isdir("/etc/reticulum") and os.path.isfile("/etc/reticulum/config"):
                 Reticulum.configdir = "/etc/reticulum"
-            elif os.path.isdir(Reticulum.userdir+"/.config/reticulum") and os.path.isfile(Reticulum.userdir+"/.config/reticulum/config"):
+            elif os.path.isdir(f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.config/reticulum") and os.path.isfile(f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.config/reticulum/config"):
-                Reticulum.configdir = Reticulum.userdir+"/.config/reticulum"
+                Reticulum.configdir = f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.config/reticulum"
             else:
-                Reticulum.configdir = Reticulum.userdir+"/.reticulum"
+                Reticulum.configdir = f"{Reticulum.userdir}/.reticulum"
 
         if logdest == RNS.LOG_FILE:
             RNS.logdest = RNS.LOG_FILE
-            RNS.logfile = Reticulum.configdir+"/logfile"
+            RNS.logfile = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/logfile"
-        
+
-        Reticulum.configpath    = Reticulum.configdir+"/config"
+        Reticulum.configpath    = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/config"
-        Reticulum.storagepath   = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage"
+        Reticulum.storagepath   = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage"
-        Reticulum.cachepath     = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage/cache"
+        Reticulum.cachepath     = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage/cache"
-        Reticulum.resourcepath  = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage/resources"
+        Reticulum.resourcepath  = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage/resources"
-        Reticulum.identitypath  = Reticulum.configdir+"/storage/identities"
+        Reticulum.identitypath  = f"{Reticulum.configdir}/storage/identities"
 
         Reticulum.__transport_enabled = False
         Reticulum.__remote_management_enabled = False
@@ -266,18 +266,18 @@ class Reticulum:
             try:
                 self.config = ConfigObj(self.configpath)
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Could not parse the configuration at "+self.configpath, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Could not parse the configuration at {self.configpath}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.log("Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.panic()
         else:
             RNS.log("Could not load config file, creating default configuration file...")
             self.__create_default_config()
-            RNS.log("Default config file created. Make any necessary changes in "+Reticulum.configdir+"/config and restart Reticulum if needed.")
+            RNS.log(f"Default config file created. Make any necessary changes in {Reticulum.configdir}/config and restart Reticulum if needed.")
             time.sleep(1.5)
 
         self.__apply_config()
-        RNS.log("Configuration loaded from "+self.configpath, RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Configuration loaded from {self.configpath}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-        
+
         RNS.Identity.load_known_destinations()
 
         RNS.Transport.start(self)
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ class Reticulum:
         self.rpc_addr = ("127.0.0.1", self.local_control_port)
         if self.rpc_key == None:
             self.rpc_key  = RNS.Identity.full_hash(RNS.Transport.identity.get_private_key())
-        
+
         if self.is_shared_instance:
             self.rpc_listener = multiprocessing.connection.Listener(self.rpc_addr, authkey=self.rpc_key)
             thread = threading.Thread(target=self.rpc_loop)
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class Reticulum:
 
             if now > self.last_data_persist+Reticulum.PERSIST_INTERVAL:
                 self.__persist_data()
-            
+
             time.sleep(Reticulum.JOB_INTERVAL)
 
     def __start_local_interface(self):
@@ -329,9 +329,9 @@ class Reticulum:
                     interface._force_bitrate = Reticulum._force_shared_instance_bitrate
                     RNS.log(f"Forcing shared instance bitrate of {RNS.prettyspeed(interface.bitrate)}", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                 RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(interface)
-                
+
                 self.is_shared_instance = True
-                RNS.log("Started shared instance interface: "+str(interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                RNS.log(f"Started shared instance interface: {interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 self.__start_jobs()
 
             except Exception as e:
@@ -353,10 +353,10 @@ class Reticulum:
                     Reticulum.__transport_enabled = False
                     Reticulum.__remote_management_enabled = False
                     Reticulum.__allow_probes = False
-                    RNS.log("Connected to locally available Reticulum instance via: "+str(interface), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Connected to locally available Reticulum instance via: {interface}", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Local shared instance appears to be running, but it could not be connected", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     self.is_shared_instance = False
                     self.is_standalone_instance = True
                     self.is_connected_to_shared_instance = False
@@ -411,11 +411,11 @@ class Reticulum:
                     for hexhash in v:
                         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                         if len(hexhash) != dest_len:
-                            raise ValueError("Identity hash length for remote management ACL "+str(hexhash)+" is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                            raise ValueError(f"Identity hash length for remote management ACL {hexhash} is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                         try:
                             allowed_hash = bytes.fromhex(hexhash)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            raise ValueError("Invalid identity hash for remote management ACL: "+str(hexhash))
+                            raise ValueError(f"Invalid identity hash for remote management ACL: {hexhash}")
 
                         if not allowed_hash in RNS.Transport.remote_management_allowed:
                             RNS.Transport.remote_management_allowed.append(allowed_hash)
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                         c = self.config["interfaces"][name]
 
                         interface_mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
-                        
+
                         if "interface_mode" in c:
                             c["interface_mode"] = str(c["interface_mode"]).lower()
                             if c["interface_mode"] == "full":
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                         if "ifac_size" in c:
                             if c.as_int("ifac_size") >= Reticulum.IFAC_MIN_SIZE*8:
                                 ifac_size = c.as_int("ifac_size")//8
-                                
+
                         ifac_netname = None
                         if "networkname" in c:
                             if c["networkname"] != "":
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                         if "pass_phrase" in c:
                             if c["pass_phrase"] != "":
                                 ifac_netkey = c["pass_phrase"]
-                                
+
                         ingress_control = True
                         if "ingress_control" in c: ingress_control = c.as_bool("ingress_control")
                         ic_max_held_announces = None
@@ -532,12 +532,12 @@ class Reticulum:
                         if "announce_rate_target" in c:
                             if c.as_int("announce_rate_target") > 0:
                                 announce_rate_target = c.as_int("announce_rate_target")
-                                
+
                         announce_rate_grace = None
                         if "announce_rate_grace" in c:
                             if c.as_int("announce_rate_grace") >= 0:
                                 announce_rate_grace = c.as_int("announce_rate_grace")
-                                
+
                         announce_rate_penalty = None
                         if "announce_rate_penalty" in c:
                             if c.as_int("announce_rate_penalty") >= 0:
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                         if "announce_cap" in c:
                             if c.as_float("announce_cap") > 0 and c.as_float("announce_cap") <= 100:
                                 announce_cap = c.as_float("announce_cap")/100.0
-                                
+
                         try:
                             interface = None
 
@@ -658,9 +658,9 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.OUT = True
 
                                     if interface_mode == Interface.Interface.MODE_ACCESS_POINT:
-                                        RNS.log(str(interface)+" does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{interface} does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                         interface_mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
-                                    
+
                                     interface.mode = interface_mode
 
                                     interface.announce_cap = announce_cap
@@ -695,9 +695,9 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.OUT = True
 
                                     if interface_mode == Interface.Interface.MODE_ACCESS_POINT:
-                                        RNS.log(str(interface)+" does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{interface} does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                         interface_mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
-                                    
+
                                     interface.mode = interface_mode
 
                                     interface.announce_cap = announce_cap
@@ -732,9 +732,9 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.OUT = True
 
                                     if interface_mode == Interface.Interface.MODE_ACCESS_POINT:
-                                        RNS.log(str(interface)+" does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                        RNS.log(f"{interface} does not support Access Point mode, reverting to default mode: Full", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
                                         interface_mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
-                                    
+
                                     interface.mode = interface_mode
 
                                     interface.announce_cap = announce_cap
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                                                 ble_addr = ble_string
                                             else:
                                                 ble_name = ble_string
-                                    
+
                                     interface = RNodeInterface.RNodeInterface(
                                         RNS.Transport,
                                         name,
@@ -1011,11 +1011,11 @@ class Reticulum:
                                                 txpower = int(subinterface_config["txpower"]) if "txpower" in subinterface_config else None
                                                 subint_config[subint_index][4] = txpower
                                                 spreadingfactor = int(subinterface_config["spreadingfactor"]) if "spreadingfactor" in subinterface_config else None
-                                                subint_config[subint_index][5] = spreadingfactor 
+                                                subint_config[subint_index][5] = spreadingfactor
                                                 codingrate = int(subinterface_config["codingrate"]) if "codingrate" in subinterface_config else None
                                                 subint_config[subint_index][6] = codingrate
                                                 flow_control = subinterface_config.as_bool("flow_control") if "flow_control" in subinterface_config else False
-                                                subint_config[subint_index][7] = flow_control 
+                                                subint_config[subint_index][7] = flow_control
                                                 st_alock = float(subinterface_config["airtime_limit_short"]) if "airtime_limit_short" in subinterface_config else None
                                                 subint_config[subint_index][8] = st_alock
                                                 lt_alock = float(subinterface_config["airtime_limit_long"]) if "airtime_limit_long" in subinterface_config else None
@@ -1029,17 +1029,17 @@ class Reticulum:
 
                                     # if no subinterfaces are defined
                                     if count == 0:
-                                        raise ValueError("No subinterfaces configured for "+name)
+                                        raise ValueError(f"No subinterfaces configured for {name}")
                                     # if no subinterfaces are enabled
                                     elif enabled_count == 0:
-                                        raise ValueError("No subinterfaces enabled for "+name)
+                                        raise ValueError(f"No subinterfaces enabled for {name}")
 
                                     id_interval = int(c["id_interval"]) if "id_interval" in c else None
                                     id_callsign = c["id_callsign"] if "id_callsign" in c else None
                                     port = c["port"] if "port" in c else None
-                                    
+
                                     if port == None:
-                                        raise ValueError("No port specified for "+name)
+                                        raise ValueError(f"No port specified for {name}")
 
                                     interface = RNodeMultiInterface.RNodeMultiInterface(
                                         RNS.Transport,
@@ -1106,14 +1106,14 @@ class Reticulum:
                                         interface.start()
 
                             else:
-                                RNS.log("Skipping disabled interface \""+name+"\"", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                RNS.log(f"Skipping disabled interface \"{name}\"", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
 
                         except Exception as e:
-                            RNS.log("The interface \""+name+"\" could not be created. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The interface \"{name}\" could not be created. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             RNS.panic()
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("The interface name \""+name+"\" was already used. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The interface name \"{name}\" was already used. Check your configuration file for errors!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         RNS.panic()
 
             RNS.log("System interfaces are ready", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ class Reticulum:
     def _add_interface(self,interface, mode = None, configured_bitrate=None, ifac_size=None, ifac_netname=None, ifac_netkey=None, announce_cap=None, announce_rate_target=None, announce_rate_grace=None, announce_rate_penalty=None):
         if not self.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
             if interface != None and issubclass(type(interface), RNS.Interfaces.Interface.Interface):
-                
+
                 if mode == None:
                     mode = Interface.Interface.MODE_FULL
                 interface.mode = mode
@@ -1181,32 +1181,32 @@ class Reticulum:
         for filename in os.listdir(self.resourcepath):
             try:
                 if len(filename) == (RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8)*2:
-                    filepath = self.resourcepath + "/" + filename
+                    filepath = f"{self.resourcepath}/{filename}"
                     mtime = os.path.getmtime(filepath)
                     age = now - mtime
                     if age > Reticulum.RESOURCE_CACHE:
                         os.unlink(filepath)
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         # Clean packet caches
         for filename in os.listdir(self.cachepath):
             try:
                 if len(filename) == (RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8)*2:
-                    filepath = self.cachepath + "/" + filename
+                    filepath = f"{self.cachepath}/{filename}"
                     mtime = os.path.getmtime(filepath)
                     age = now - mtime
                     if age > RNS.Transport.DESTINATION_TIMEOUT:
                         os.unlink(filepath)
-            
+
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"Error while cleaning resources cache, the contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def __create_default_config(self):
         self.config = ConfigObj(__default_rns_config__)
         self.config.filename = Reticulum.configpath
-        
+
         if not os.path.isdir(Reticulum.configdir):
             os.makedirs(Reticulum.configdir)
         self.config.write()
@@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ class Reticulum:
                 rpc_connection.close()
 
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("An error ocurred while handling RPC call from local client: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while handling RPC call from local client: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
     def get_interface_stats(self):
         if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ class Reticulum:
             interfaces = []
             for interface in RNS.Transport.interfaces:
                 ifstats = {}
-                
+
                 if hasattr(interface, "clients"):
                     ifstats["clients"] = interface.clients
                 else:
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ class Reticulum:
 
                 if hasattr(interface, "b32"):
                     if interface.b32 != None:
-                        ifstats["i2p_b32"] = interface.b32+".b32.i2p"
+                        ifstats["i2p_b32"] = f"{interface.b32}.b32.i2p"
                     else:
                         ifstats["i2p_b32"] = None
 
@@ -1485,12 +1485,12 @@ class Reticulum:
 
                 if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance and hasattr(self, "_force_shared_instance_bitrate") and self._force_shared_instance_bitrate:
                     simulated_latency = ((1/self._force_shared_instance_bitrate)*8)*RNS.Reticulum.MTU
-                    RNS.log("Adding simulated latency of "+RNS.prettytime(simulated_latency)+" to first hop timeout", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    RNS.log(f"Adding simulated latency of {RNS.prettytime(simulated_latency)} to first hop timeout", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
                     response += simulated_latency
 
                 return response
             except Exception as e:
-                RNS.log("An error occurred while getting first hop timeout from shared instance: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log(f"An error occurred while getting first hop timeout from shared instance: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 return RNS.Reticulum.DEFAULT_PER_HOP_TIMEOUT
 
         else:

RNS/Utilities/__init__.py

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
 import os
 import glob
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Utilities/rncp.py

@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
 
     if jail != None:
         fetch_jail = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(jail))
-        RNS.log("Restricting fetch requests to paths under \""+fetch_jail+"\"", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        RNS.log(f"Restricting fetch requests to paths under \"{fetch_jail}\"", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
-    identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+    identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
-        identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)                
+        identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
 
     if identity == None:
         RNS.log("No valid saved identity found, creating new...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
     destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "receive")
 
     if display_identity:
-        print("Identity     : "+str(identity))
+        print(f"Identity     : {identity}")
-        print("Listening on : "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        print(f"Listening on : {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
         exit(0)
 
     if disable_auth:
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
         try:
             allowed_file_name = "allowed_identities"
             allowed_file = None
-            if os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser("/etc/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)):
+            if os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(f"/etc/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")):
-                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser("/etc/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)
+                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser(f"/etc/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")
-            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser("~/.config/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)):
+            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(f"~/.config/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")):
-                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser("~/.config/rncp/"+allowed_file_name)
+                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser(f"~/.config/rncp/{allowed_file_name}")
-            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser("~/.rncp/"+allowed_file_name)):
+            elif os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(f"~/.rncp/{allowed_file_name}")):
-                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser("~/.rncp/"+allowed_file_name)
+                allowed_file = os.path.expanduser(f"~/.rncp/{allowed_file_name}")
             if allowed_file != None:
-                af = open(allowed_file, "r")
+                af = open(allowed_file)
                 al = af.read().replace("\r", "").split("\n")
                 ali = []
                 for a in al:
@@ -102,17 +102,17 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
                     ms = "y"
                 else:
                     ms = "ies"
-                
+
-                RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(ali))+" allowed identit"+ms+" from "+str(allowed_file), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Loaded {len(ali)} allowed identit{ms} from {allowed_file}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            RNS.log("Error while parsing allowed_identities file. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Error while parsing allowed_identities file. The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
         if allowed != None:
             for a in allowed:
                 try:
                     if len(a) != dest_len:
-                        raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                        raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                     try:
                         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(a)
                         allowed_identity_hashes.append(destination_hash)
@@ -141,11 +141,11 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
                 target_link = link
 
         if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
-            RNS.log("Client-requested file not found: "+str(file_path), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            RNS.log(f"Client-requested file not found: {file_path}", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
             return False
         else:
             if target_link != None:
-                RNS.log("Sending file "+str(file_path)+" to client", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                RNS.log(f"Sending file {file_path} to client", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
                 temp_file = TemporaryFile()
                 real_file = open(file_path, "rb")
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
 
     destination.set_link_established_callback(client_link_established)
     destination.register_request_handler("fetch_file", response_generator=fetch_request, allow=RNS.Destination.ALLOW_LIST, allowed_list=allowed_identity_hashes)
-    print("rncp listening on "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    print(f"rncp listening on {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
     if announce >= 0:
         def job():
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ def listen(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed = [], display_identi
                     destination.announce()
 
         threading.Thread(target=job, daemon=True).start()
-    
+
     while True:
         time.sleep(1)
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ def receive_sender_identified(link, identity):
 
 def receive_resource_callback(resource):
     global allow_all
-    
+
     sender_identity = resource.link.get_remote_identity()
 
     if sender_identity != None:
@@ -220,15 +220,15 @@ def receive_resource_callback(resource):
 
 def receive_resource_started(resource):
     if resource.link.get_remote_identity():
-        id_str = " from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.link.get_remote_identity().hash)
+        id_str = f" from {RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.link.get_remote_identity().hash)}"
     else:
         id_str = ""
 
-    print("Starting resource transfer "+RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)+id_str)
+    print(f"Starting resource transfer {RNS.prettyhexrep(resource.hash)}{id_str}")
 
 def receive_resource_concluded(resource):
     if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-        print(str(resource)+" completed")
+        print(f"{resource} completed")
 
         if resource.total_size > 4:
             filename_len = int.from_bytes(resource.data.read(2), "big")
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ def receive_resource_concluded(resource):
             saved_filename = filename
             while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
                 counter += 1
-                saved_filename = filename+"."+str(counter)
+                saved_filename = f"{filename}.{counter}"
-            
+
             file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
             file.write(resource.data.read())
             file.close()
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -296,11 +296,11 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
 
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, loglevel=targetloglevel)
 
-    identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+    identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
         if identity == None:
-            RNS.log("Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \""+str(identity_path)+"\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \"{identity_path}\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             exit(2)
     else:
         identity = None
@@ -313,9 +313,9 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
         if silent:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested")
         else:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     i = 0
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print("Establishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Establishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+"  ", end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}  ', end=" ")
 
     listener_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
     listener_destination = RNS.Destination(
@@ -353,15 +353,15 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     while link.status != RNS.Link.ACTIVE and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         if silent:
-            print("Could not establish link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Could not establish link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rCould not establish link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rCould not establish link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}')
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
@@ -411,8 +411,8 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
                 saved_filename = filename
                 while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
                     counter += 1
-                    saved_filename = filename+"."+str(counter)
+                    saved_filename = f"{filename}.{counter}"
-                
+
                 file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
                 file.write(resource.data.read())
                 file.close()
@@ -437,19 +437,19 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
     while not request_resolved:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
     if request_status == "fetch_not_allowed":
         if not silent: print("\r                                                            \r", end="")
-        print("Fetch request failed, fetching the file "+str(file)+" was not allowed by the remote")
+        print(f"Fetch request failed, fetching the file {file} was not allowed by the remote")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.15)
         exit(0)
     elif request_status == "not_found":
         if not silent: print("\r                                                            \r", end="")
-        print("Fetch request failed, the file "+str(file)+" was not found on the remote")
+        print(f"Fetch request failed, the file {file} was not found on the remote")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.15)
         exit(0)
@@ -474,13 +474,13 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
             if current_resource:
                 prg = current_resource.get_progress()
                 percent = round(prg * 100.0, 1)
-                stat_str = str(percent)+"% - " + size_str(int(prg*current_resource.total_size)) + " of " + size_str(current_resource.total_size) + " - " +size_str(speed, "b")+"ps"
+                stat_str = f"{percent}% - {size_str(int(prg * current_resource.total_size))} of {size_str(current_resource.total_size)} - {size_str(speed, 'b')}ps"
                 if prg != 1.0:
-                    print("\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file "+syms[i]+" "+stat_str, end=" ")
+                    print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file {syms[i]} {stat_str}', end=" ")
                 else:
-                    print("\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  "+stat_str, end=" ")
+                    print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  {stat_str}', end=" ")
             else:
-                print("\r                                                                                  \rWaiting for transfer to start "+syms[i]+" ", end=" ")
+                print(f'\r                                                                                  \rWaiting for transfer to start {syms[i]} ', end=" ")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -492,10 +492,10 @@ def fetch(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = No
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print(str(file)+" fetched from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"{file} fetched from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
             #print("\r                                                                                  \r"+str(file)+" fetched from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
-            print("\n"+str(file)+" fetched from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"\n{file} fetched from {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.15)
         exit(0)
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
         print(str(e))
         exit(1)
 
-    
+
     file_path = os.path.expanduser(file)
     if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
         print("File not found")
@@ -547,11 +547,11 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
 
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, loglevel=targetloglevel)
 
-    identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+    identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
         if identity == None:
-            RNS.log("Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \""+str(identity_path)+"\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log(f"Could not load identity for rncp. The identity file at \"{identity_path}\" may be corrupt or unreadable.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             exit(2)
     else:
         identity = None
@@ -564,9 +564,9 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
         if silent:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested")
         else:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     i = 0
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -587,9 +587,9 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print("Establishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Establishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" ", end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rEstablishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} ', end=" ")
 
     receiver_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
     receiver_destination = RNS.Destination(
@@ -604,21 +604,21 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     while link.status != RNS.Link.ACTIVE and time.time() < estab_timeout:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
     if time.time() > estab_timeout:
         if silent:
-            print("Link establishment with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" timed out")
+            print(f"Link establishment with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} timed out")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rLink establishment with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" timed out")
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rLink establishment with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} timed out')
         exit(1)
     elif not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         if silent:
-            print("No path found to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"No path found to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rNo path found to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rNo path found to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}')
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
@@ -633,16 +633,16 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
     while resource.status < RNS.Resource.TRANSFERRING:
         if not silent:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
-    
+
     if resource.status > RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
         if silent:
-            print("File was not accepted by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"File was not accepted by {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                            \rFile was not accepted by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f'\r                                                            \rFile was not accepted by {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}')
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
@@ -654,11 +654,11 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
         time.sleep(0.1)
         prg = current_resource.get_progress()
         percent = round(prg * 100.0, 1)
-        stat_str = str(percent)+"% - " + size_str(int(prg*current_resource.total_size)) + " of " + size_str(current_resource.total_size) + " - " +size_str(speed, "b")+"ps"
+        stat_str = f"{percent}% - {size_str(int(prg * current_resource.total_size))} of {size_str(current_resource.total_size)} - {size_str(speed, 'b')}ps"
         if not done:
-            print("\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file "+syms[i]+" "+stat_str, end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransferring file {syms[i]} {stat_str}', end=" ")
         else:
-            print("\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  "+stat_str, end=" ")
+            print(f'\r                                                                                  \rTransfer complete  {stat_str}', end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
         return i
@@ -678,10 +678,10 @@ def send(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, destination = None, file = Non
         exit(1)
     else:
         if silent:
-            print(str(file_path)+" copied to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"{file_path} copied to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
             # print("\r                                                                                  \r"+str(file_path)+" copied to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
-            print("\n"+str(file_path)+" copied to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"\n{file_path} copied to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         link.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.25)
         real_file.close()
@@ -707,8 +707,8 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument('-p', '--print-identity', action='store_true', default=False, help="print identity and destination info and exit")
         parser.add_argument("-w", action="store", metavar="seconds", type=float, help="sender timeout before giving up", default=RNS.Transport.PATH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT)
         # parser.add_argument("--limit", action="store", metavar="files", type=float, help="maximum number of files to accept", default=None)
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rncp {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rncp {__version__}")
-        
+
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
         if args.listen or args.print_identity:
@@ -777,12 +777,12 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

RNS/Utilities/rnid.py

@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ def spin(until=None, msg=None, timeout=None):
     if timeout != None:
         timeout = time.time()+timeout
 
-    print(msg+"  ", end=" ")
+    print(f"{msg}  ", end=" ")
     while (timeout == None or time.time()<timeout) and not until():
         time.sleep(0.1)
-        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
-    print("\r"+" "*len(msg)+"  \r", end="")
+    print(f"\r{' ' * len(msg)}  \r", end="")
 
     if timeout != None and time.time() > timeout:
         return False
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument("-w", "--write", metavar="file", action="store", default=None, help="output file path", type=str)
         parser.add_argument("-f", "--force", action="store_true", default=None, help="write output even if it overwrites existing files")
         parser.add_argument("-I", "--stdin", action="store_true", default=False, help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # "read input from STDIN instead of file"
-        parser.add_argument("-O", "--stdout", action="store_true", default=False, help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # help="write output to STDOUT instead of file", 
+        parser.add_argument("-O", "--stdout", action="store_true", default=False, help=argparse.SUPPRESS) # help="write output to STDOUT instead of file",
 
         parser.add_argument("-R", "--request", action="store_true", default=False, help="request unknown Identities from the network")
         parser.add_argument("-t", action="store", metavar="seconds", type=float, help="identity request timeout before giving up", default=RNS.Transport.PATH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT)
@@ -92,15 +92,15 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument("-b", "--base64", action="store_true", default=False, help="Use base64-encoded input and output")
         parser.add_argument("-B", "--base32", action="store_true", default=False, help="Use base32-encoded input and output")
 
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnid {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnid {__version__}")
-        
+
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
         ops = 0;
         for t in [args.encrypt, args.decrypt, args.validate, args.sign]:
             if t:
                 ops += 1
-        
+
         if ops > 1:
             RNS.log("This utility currently only supports one of the encrypt, decrypt, sign or verify operations per invocation", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             exit(1)
@@ -124,30 +124,30 @@ def main():
                 else:
                     identity_bytes = bytes.fromhex(args.import_str)
             except Exception as e:
-                print("Invalid identity data specified for import: "+str(e))
+                print(f"Invalid identity data specified for import: {e}")
                 exit(41)
 
             try:
                 identity = RNS.Identity.from_bytes(identity_bytes)
             except Exception as e:
-                print("Could not create Reticulum identity from specified data: "+str(e))
+                print(f"Could not create Reticulum identity from specified data: {e}")
                 exit(42)
 
             RNS.log("Identity imported")
             if args.base64:
-                RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
             elif args.base32:
-                RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
             else:
-                RNS.log("Public Key  : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False))
+                RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False)}")
             if identity.prv:
                 if args.print_private:
                     if args.base64:
-                        RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     elif args.base32:
-                        RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Private Key : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False))
+                        RNS.log(f"Private Key : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False)}")
                 else:
                     RNS.log("Private Key : Hidden")
 
@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ def main():
                     wp = os.path.expanduser(args.write)
                     if not os.path.isfile(wp) or args.force:
                         identity.to_file(wp)
-                        RNS.log("Wrote imported identity to "+str(args.write))
+                        RNS.log(f"Wrote imported identity to {args.write}")
                     else:
-                        print("File "+str(wp)+" already exists, not overwriting")
+                        print(f"File {wp} already exists, not overwriting")
                         exit(43)
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    print("Error while writing imported identity to file: "+str(e))
+                    print(f"Error while writing imported identity to file: {e}")
                     exit(44)
 
             exit(0)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def main():
             quietness = args.quiet
             if verbosity != 0 or quietness != 0:
                 targetloglevel = targetloglevel+verbosity-quietness
-            
+
             # Start Reticulum
             reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=args.config, loglevel=targetloglevel)
             RNS.compact_log_fmt = True
@@ -189,16 +189,16 @@ def main():
             if args.generate:
                 identity = RNS.Identity()
                 if not args.force and os.path.isfile(args.generate):
-                    RNS.log("Identity file "+str(args.generate)+" already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log(f"Identity file {args.generate} already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     exit(3)
                 else:
                     try:
                         identity.to_file(args.generate)
-                        RNS.log("New identity written to "+str(args.generate))
+                        RNS.log(f"New identity written to {args.generate}")
                         exit(0)
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while saving the generated Identity.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(4)
 
             identity = None
@@ -210,31 +210,31 @@ def main():
 
                     if identity == None:
                         if not args.request:
-                            RNS.log("Could not recall Identity for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+".", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"Could not recall Identity for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             RNS.log("You can query the network for unknown Identities with the -R option.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             exit(5)
                         else:
                             RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
                             def spincheck():
                                 return RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash) != None
-                            spin(spincheck, "Requesting unknown Identity for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), args.t)
+                            spin(spincheck, f"Requesting unknown Identity for {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}", args.t)
 
                             if not spincheck():
                                 RNS.log("Identity request timed out", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 exit(6)
                             else:
                                 identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
-                                RNS.log("Received Identity "+str(identity)+" for destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" from the network")
+                                RNS.log(f"Received Identity {identity} for destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} from the network")
 
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Recalled Identity "+str(identity)+" for destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+                        RNS.log(f"Recalled Identity {identity} for destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
 
 
                 except Exception as e:
                     RNS.log("Invalid hexadecimal hash provided", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     exit(7)
 
-                
+
             else:
                 # Try loading Identity from file
                 if not os.path.isfile(identity_str):
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def main():
                 else:
                     try:
                         identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_str)
-                        RNS.log("Loaded Identity "+str(identity)+" from "+str(identity_str))
+                        RNS.log(f"Loaded Identity {identity} from {identity_str}")
 
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("Could not decode Identity from specified file")
@@ -261,15 +261,15 @@ def main():
                             aspects = aspects[1:]
                             if identity.pub != None:
                                 destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, app_name, *aspects)
-                                RNS.log("The "+str(args.hash)+" destination for this Identity is "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+                                RNS.log(f"The {args.hash} destination for this Identity is {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
-                                RNS.log("The full destination specifier is "+str(destination))
+                                RNS.log(f"The full destination specifier is {destination}")
                                 time.sleep(0.25)
                                 exit(0)
                             else:
                                 raise KeyError("No public key known")
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while attempting to send the announce.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     exit(0)
 
@@ -284,39 +284,39 @@ def main():
                             aspects = aspects[1:]
                             if identity.prv != None:
                                 destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, app_name, *aspects)
-                                RNS.log("Created destination "+str(destination))
+                                RNS.log(f"Created destination {destination}")
-                                RNS.log("Announcing destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+                                RNS.log(f"Announcing destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
                                 destination.announce()
                                 time.sleep(0.25)
                                 exit(0)
                             else:
                                 destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, app_name, *aspects)
-                                RNS.log("The "+str(args.announce)+" destination for this Identity is "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+                                RNS.log(f"The {args.announce} destination for this Identity is {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
-                                RNS.log("The full destination specifier is "+str(destination))
+                                RNS.log(f"The full destination specifier is {destination}")
                                 RNS.log("Cannot announce this destination, since the private key is not held")
                                 time.sleep(0.25)
                                 exit(33)
                     except Exception as e:
                         RNS.log("An error ocurred while attempting to send the announce.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                        RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
                     exit(0)
 
                 if args.print_identity:
                     if args.base64:
-                        RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     elif args.base32:
-                        RNS.log("Public Key  : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                        RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_public_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                     else:
-                        RNS.log("Public Key  : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False))
+                        RNS.log(f"Public Key  : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_public_key(), delimit=False)}")
                     if identity.prv:
                         if args.print_private:
                             if args.base64:
-                                RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             elif args.base32:
-                                RNS.log("Private Key : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Private Key : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             else:
-                                RNS.log("Private Key : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False))
+                                RNS.log(f"Private Key : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False)}")
                         else:
                             RNS.log("Private Key : Hidden")
                     exit(0)
@@ -324,11 +324,11 @@ def main():
                 if args.export:
                     if identity.prv:
                             if args.base64:
-                                RNS.log("Exported Identity : "+base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Exported Identity : {base64.urlsafe_b64encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             elif args.base32:
-                                RNS.log("Exported Identity : "+base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode("utf-8"))
+                                RNS.log(f"Exported Identity : {base64.b32encode(identity.get_private_key()).decode('utf-8')}")
                             else:
-                                RNS.log("Exported Identity : "+RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False))
+                                RNS.log(f"Exported Identity : {RNS.hexrep(identity.get_private_key(), delimit=False)}")
                     else:
                         RNS.log("Identity doesn't hold a private key, cannot export")
                         exit(50)
@@ -336,28 +336,28 @@ def main():
                     exit(0)
 
                 if args.validate:
-                    if not args.read and args.validate.lower().endswith("."+SIG_EXT):
+                    if not args.read and args.validate.lower().endswith(f".{SIG_EXT}"):
-                        args.read = str(args.validate).replace("."+SIG_EXT, "")
+                        args.read = str(args.validate).replace(f".{SIG_EXT}", "")
 
                     if not os.path.isfile(args.validate):
-                        RNS.log("Signature file "+str(args.read)+" not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Signature file {args.read} not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(10)
 
                     if not os.path.isfile(args.read):
-                        RNS.log("Input file "+str(args.read)+" not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Input file {args.read} not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(11)
 
                 data_input = None
                 if args.read:
                     if not os.path.isfile(args.read):
-                        RNS.log("Input file "+str(args.read)+" not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Input file {args.read} not found", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(12)
                     else:
                         try:
                             data_input = open(args.read, "rb")
                         except Exception as e:
                             RNS.log("Could not open input file for reading", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             exit(13)
 
                 # TODO: Actually expand this to a good solution
@@ -368,30 +368,30 @@ def main():
 
                 data_output = None
                 if args.encrypt and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read:
-                    args.write = str(args.read)+"."+ENCRYPT_EXT
+                    args.write = f"{args.read}.{ENCRYPT_EXT}"
 
-                if args.decrypt and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read and args.read.lower().endswith("."+ENCRYPT_EXT):
+                if args.decrypt and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read and args.read.lower().endswith(f".{ENCRYPT_EXT}"):
-                    args.write = str(args.read).replace("."+ENCRYPT_EXT, "")
+                    args.write = str(args.read).replace(f".{ENCRYPT_EXT}", "")
 
                 if args.sign and identity.prv == None:
                     RNS.log("Specified Identity does not hold a private key. Cannot sign.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                     exit(14)
 
                 if args.sign and not args.write and not args.stdout and args.read:
-                    args.write = str(args.read)+"."+SIG_EXT
+                    args.write = f"{args.read}.{SIG_EXT}"
 
                 if args.write:
                     if not args.force and os.path.isfile(args.write):
-                        RNS.log("Output file "+str(args.write)+" already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        RNS.log(f"Output file {args.write} already exists. Not overwriting.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                         exit(15)
                     else:
                         try:
                             data_output = open(args.write, "wb")
                         except Exception as e:
                             RNS.log("Could not open output file for writing", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             exit(15)
-                
+
                 # TODO: Actually expand this to a good solution
                 # probably need to create a wrapper that takes
                 # into account not closing stdout when done
@@ -414,22 +414,22 @@ def main():
                             exit(18)
 
                         if not args.stdout:
-                            RNS.log("Signing "+str(args.read))
+                            RNS.log(f"Signing {args.read}")
-                        
+
                         try:
                             data_output.write(identity.sign(data_input.read()))
                             data_output.close()
                             data_input.close()
-                            
+
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 if args.read:
-                                    RNS.log("File "+str(args.read)+" signed with "+str(identity)+" to "+str(args.write))
+                                    RNS.log(f"File {args.read} signed with {identity} to {args.write}")
                                     exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while encrypting data.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:
@@ -448,13 +448,13 @@ def main():
                     else:
                         # if not args.stdout:
                         #     RNS.log("Verifying "+str(args.validate)+" for "+str(args.read))
-                        
+
                         try:
                             try:
                                 sig_input = open(args.validate, "rb")
                             except Exception as e:
-                                RNS.log("An error ocurred while opening "+str(args.validate)+".", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"An error ocurred while opening {args.validate}.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 exit(21)
 
 
@@ -464,17 +464,17 @@ def main():
 
                             if not validated:
                                 if not args.stdout:
-                                    RNS.log("Signature "+str(args.validate)+" for file "+str(args.read)+" is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                    RNS.log(f"Signature {args.validate} for file {args.read} is invalid", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                                 exit(22)
                             else:
                                 if not args.stdout:
-                                    RNS.log("Signature "+str(args.validate)+" for file "+str(args.read)+" made by Identity "+str(identity)+" is valid")
+                                    RNS.log(f"Signature {args.validate} for file {args.read} made by Identity {identity} is valid")
                                 exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while validating signature.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:
@@ -497,8 +497,8 @@ def main():
                             exit(25)
 
                         if not args.stdout:
-                            RNS.log("Encrypting "+str(args.read))
+                            RNS.log(f"Encrypting {args.read}")
-                        
+
                         try:
                             more_data = True
                             while more_data:
@@ -511,13 +511,13 @@ def main():
                             data_input.close()
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 if args.read:
-                                    RNS.log("File "+str(args.read)+" encrypted for "+str(identity)+" to "+str(args.write))
+                                    RNS.log(f"File {args.read} encrypted for {identity} to {args.write}")
                                     exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while encrypting data.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:
@@ -544,8 +544,8 @@ def main():
                             exit(29)
 
                         if not args.stdout:
-                            RNS.log("Decrypting "+str(args.read)+"...")
+                            RNS.log(f"Decrypting {args.read}...")
-                        
+
                         try:
                             more_data = True
                             while more_data:
@@ -564,13 +564,13 @@ def main():
                             data_input.close()
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 if args.read:
-                                    RNS.log("File "+str(args.read)+" decrypted with "+str(identity)+" to "+str(args.write))
+                                    RNS.log(f"File {args.read} decrypted with {identity} to {args.write}")
                                     exit(0)
 
                         except Exception as e:
                             if not args.stdout:
                                 RNS.log("An error ocurred while decrypting data.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-                                RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                                RNS.log(f"The contained exception was: {e}", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                             try:
                                 data_output.close()
                             except:

RNS/Utilities/rnir.py

@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
         parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='count', default=0)
         parser.add_argument("--exampleconfig", action='store_true', default=False, help="print verbose configuration example to stdout and exit")
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="ir {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"ir {__version__}")
-        
+
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
         if args.exampleconfig:

RNS/Utilities/rnpath.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def connect_remote(destination_hash, auth_identity, timeout, no_output = False):
     global remote_link, reticulum
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         if not no_output:
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested", end=" ")
             sys.stdout.flush()
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
         pr_time = time.time()
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(remote) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 identity_hash = bytes.fromhex(remote)
                 remote_hash = RNS.Destination.hash_from_name_and_identity("rnstransport.remote.management", identity_hash)
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
 
             identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(os.path.expanduser(management_identity))
             if identity == None:
-                raise ValueError("Could not load management identity from "+str(management_identity))
+                raise ValueError(f"Could not load management identity from {management_identity}")
 
             try:
                 connect_remote(remote_hash, identity, remote_timeout, no_output)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             try:
                 dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                 if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                    raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                    raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                 try:
                     destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
                 except Exception as e:
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
                         m_str = " "
                     else:
                         m_str = "s"
-                    print(RNS.prettyhexrep(path["hash"])+" is "+str(path["hops"])+" hop"+m_str+" away via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(path["via"])+" on "+path["interface"]+" expires "+RNS.timestamp_str(path["expires"]))
+                    print(f"{RNS.prettyhexrep(path['hash'])} is {path['hops']} hop{m_str} away via {RNS.prettyhexrep(path['via'])} on {path['interface']} expires {RNS.timestamp_str(path['expires'])}")
 
             if destination_hash != None and displayed == 0:
                 print("No path known")
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             try:
                 dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                 if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                    raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                    raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                 try:
                     destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
                 except Exception as e:
@@ -235,28 +235,28 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
                             hour_rate = round(len(entry["timestamps"])/span_hours, 3)
                             if hour_rate-int(hour_rate) == 0:
                                 hour_rate = int(hour_rate)
-                            
+
                             if entry["rate_violations"] > 0:
                                 if entry["rate_violations"] == 1:
                                     s_str = ""
                                 else:
                                     s_str = "s"
 
-                                rv_str = ", "+str(entry["rate_violations"])+" active rate violation"+s_str
+                                rv_str = f", {entry['rate_violations']} active rate violation{s_str}"
                             else:
                                 rv_str = ""
-                            
+
                             if entry["blocked_until"] > time.time():
                                 bli = time.time()-(int(entry["blocked_until"])-time.time())
-                                bl_str = ", new announces allowed in "+pretty_date(int(bli))
+                                bl_str = f", new announces allowed in {pretty_date(int(bli))}"
                             else:
                                 bl_str = ""
 
-            
+
-                            print(RNS.prettyhexrep(entry["hash"])+" last heard "+last_str+" ago, "+str(hour_rate)+" announces/hour in the last "+span_str+rv_str+bl_str)
+                            print(f"{RNS.prettyhexrep(entry['hash'])} last heard {last_str} ago, {hour_rate} announces/hour in the last {span_str}{rv_str}{bl_str}")
 
                         except Exception as e:
-                            print("Error while processing entry for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(entry["hash"]))
+                            print(f"Error while processing entry for {RNS.prettyhexrep(entry['hash'])}")
                             print(str(e))
 
                 if destination_hash != None and displayed == 0:
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
 
         print("Dropping announce queues on all interfaces...")
         reticulum.drop_announce_queues()
-    
+
     elif drop:
         if remote_link:
             if not no_output:
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
             except Exception as e:
@@ -293,9 +293,9 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             sys.exit(1)
 
         if reticulum.drop_path(destination_hash):
-            print("Dropped path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Dropped path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("Unable to drop path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+". Does it exist?")
+            print(f"Unable to drop path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}. Does it exist?")
             sys.exit(1)
 
     elif drop_via:
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
             except Exception as e:
@@ -318,9 +318,9 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
             sys.exit(1)
 
         if reticulum.drop_all_via(destination_hash):
-            print("Dropped all paths via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+            print(f"Dropped all paths via {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         else:
-            print("Unable to drop paths via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+". Does the transport instance exist?")
+            print(f"Unable to drop paths via {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}. Does the transport instance exist?")
             sys.exit(1)
 
     else:
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
             except Exception as e:
@@ -341,10 +341,10 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         except Exception as e:
             print(str(e))
             sys.exit(1)
-            
+
         if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
             RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
-            print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+            print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
         i = 0
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
         limit = time.time()+timeout
         while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and time.time()<limit:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -371,12 +371,12 @@ def program_setup(configdir, table, rates, drop, destination_hexhash, verbosity,
                 else:
                     ms = ""
 
-                print("\rPath found, destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" is "+str(hops)+" hop"+ms+" away via "+next_hop+" on "+next_hop_interface)
+                print(f'\rPath found, destination {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} is {hops} hop{ms} away via {next_hop} on {next_hop_interface}')
         else:
             print("\r                                                       \rPath not found")
             sys.exit(1)
 
-    
+
 
 def main():
     try:
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument(
             "--version",
             action="version",
-            version="rnpath {version}".format(version=__version__)
+            version=f"rnpath {__version__}"
         )
 
         parser.add_argument(
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ def main():
             help="timeout before giving up on remote queries",
             default=RNS.Transport.PATH_REQUEST_TIMEOUT
         )
-        
+
         parser.add_argument(
             "-j",
             "--json",
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ def main():
         )
 
         parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
-        
+
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
         if args.config:
@@ -547,26 +547,26 @@ def pretty_date(time=False):
         return ''
     if day_diff == 0:
         if second_diff < 10:
-            return str(second_diff) + " seconds"
+            return f"{second_diff} seconds"
         if second_diff < 60:
-            return str(second_diff) + " seconds"
+            return f"{second_diff} seconds"
         if second_diff < 120:
             return "1 minute"
         if second_diff < 3600:
-            return str(int(second_diff / 60)) + " minutes"
+            return f"{int(second_diff / 60)} minutes"
         if second_diff < 7200:
             return "an hour"
         if second_diff < 86400:
-            return str(int(second_diff / 3600)) + " hours"
+            return f"{int(second_diff / 3600)} hours"
     if day_diff == 1:
         return "1 day"
     if day_diff < 7:
-        return str(day_diff) + " days"
+        return f"{day_diff} days"
     if day_diff < 31:
-        return str(int(day_diff / 7)) + " weeks"
+        return f"{int(day_diff / 7)} weeks"
     if day_diff < 365:
-        return str(int(day_diff / 30)) + " months"
+        return f"{int(day_diff / 30)} months"
-    return str(int(day_diff / 365)) + " years"
+    return f"{int(day_diff / 365)} years"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

RNS/Utilities/rnprobe.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
     if full_name == None:
         print("The full destination name including application name aspects must be specified for the destination")
         exit()
-    
+
     try:
         app_name, aspects = RNS.Destination.app_and_aspects_from_name(full_name)
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
 
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
-        print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+        print(f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested  ", end=" ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     _timeout = time.time() + (timeout or DEFAULT_TIMEOUT+reticulum.get_first_hop_timeout(destination_hash))
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
     syms = "⢄⢂⢁⡁⡈⡐⡠"
     while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash) and not time.time() > _timeout:
         time.sleep(0.1)
-        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
             probe = RNS.Packet(request_destination, os.urandom(size))
             probe.pack()
         except OSError:
-            print("Error: Probe packet size of "+str(len(probe.raw))+" bytes exceed MTU of "+str(RNS.Reticulum.MTU)+" bytes")
+            print(f"Error: Probe packet size of {len(probe.raw)} bytes exceed MTU of {RNS.Reticulum.MTU} bytes")
             exit(3)
 
         receipt = probe.send()
@@ -115,25 +115,25 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
 
         if more_output:
             nhd = reticulum.get_next_hop(destination_hash)
-            via_str = " via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(nhd) if nhd != None else ""
+            via_str = f" via {RNS.prettyhexrep(nhd)}" if nhd != None else ""
-            if_str  = " on "+str(reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash)) if reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash) != "None" else ""
+            if_str  = f" on {reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash)}" if reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash) != "None" else ""
             more = via_str+if_str
         else:
             more = ""
 
-        print("\rSent probe "+str(sent)+" ("+str(size)+" bytes) to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+more+"  ", end=" ")
+        print(f'\rSent probe {sent} ({size} bytes) to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}{more}  ', end=" ")
 
         _timeout = time.time() + (timeout or DEFAULT_TIMEOUT+reticulum.get_first_hop_timeout(destination_hash))
         i = 0
         while receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.SENT and not time.time() > _timeout:
             time.sleep(0.1)
-            print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+            print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
             sys.stdout.flush()
             i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
         if time.time() > _timeout:
             print("\r                                                                \rProbe timed out")
-        
+
         else:
             print("\b\b ")
             sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
                 rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
                 if (rtt >= 1):
                     rtt = round(rtt, 3)
-                    rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+                    rttstring = f"{rtt} seconds"
                 else:
                     rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
-                    rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+                    rttstring = f"{rtt} milliseconds"
 
                 reception_stats = ""
                 if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
@@ -161,28 +161,24 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
                     reception_q    = reticulum.get_packet_q(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
 
                     if reception_rssi != None:
-                        reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+                        reception_stats += f" [RSSI {reception_rssi} dBm]"
-                    
+
                     if reception_snr != None:
-                        reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+                        reception_stats += f" [SNR {reception_snr} dB]"
-                    
+
                     if reception_q != None:
-                        reception_stats += " [Link Quality "+str(reception_q)+"%]"
+                        reception_stats += f" [Link Quality {reception_q}%]"
 
                 else:
                     if receipt.proof_packet != None:
                         if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
-                            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+                            reception_stats += f" [RSSI {receipt.proof_packet.rssi} dBm]"
-                        
+
                         if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
-                            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+                            reception_stats += f" [SNR {receipt.proof_packet.snr} dB]"
 
                 print(
-                    "Valid reply from "+
+                    f"Valid reply from {RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)}\nRound-trip time is {rttstring} over {hops} hop{ms}{reception_stats}\n"
-                    RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
-                    "\nRound-trip time is "+rttstring+
-                    " over "+str(hops)+" hop"+ms+
-                    reception_stats+"\n"
                 )
 
             else:
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=None, full_name = None, v
         exit(2)
     else:
         exit(0)
-    
+
 
 def main():
     try:
@@ -207,7 +203,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument("-n", "--probes", action="store", default=1, help="number of probes to send", type=int)
         parser.add_argument("-t", "--timeout", metavar="seconds", action="store", default=None, help="timeout before giving up", type=float)
         parser.add_argument("-w", "--wait", metavar="seconds", action="store", default=0, help="time between each probe", type=float)
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnprobe {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnprobe {__version__}")
         parser.add_argument("full_name", nargs="?", default=None, help="full destination name in dotted notation", type=str)
         parser.add_argument("destination_hash", nargs="?", default=None, help="hexadecimal hash of the destination", type=str)
 

RNS/Utilities/rnsd.py

@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ def program_setup(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, service = False):
 
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, verbosity=targetverbosity, logdest=targetlogdest)
     if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
-        RNS.log("Started rnsd version {version} connected to another shared local instance, this is probably NOT what you want!".format(version=__version__), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+        RNS.log(f"Started rnsd version {__version__} connected to another shared local instance, this is probably NOT what you want!", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
     else:
-        RNS.log("Started rnsd version {version}".format(version=__version__), RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
+        RNS.log(f"Started rnsd version {__version__}", RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
 
     while True:
         time.sleep(1)
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='count', default=0)
         parser.add_argument('-s', '--service', action='store_true', default=False, help="rnsd is running as a service and should log to file")
         parser.add_argument("--exampleconfig", action='store_true', default=False, help="print verbose configuration example to stdout and exit")
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnsd {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnsd {__version__}")
-        
+
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
         if args.exampleconfig:
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ loglevel = 4
 
   # The following example enables communication with other
   # local Reticulum peers using UDP broadcasts.
-  
+
   [[UDP Interface]]
     type = UDPInterface
     enabled = no
@@ -235,24 +235,24 @@ loglevel = 4
   # This example demonstrates a TCP server interface.
   # It will listen for incoming connections on the
   # specified IP address and port number.
-  
+
   [[TCP Server Interface]]
     type = TCPServerInterface
     enabled = no
 
     # This configuration will listen on all IP
     # interfaces on port 4242
-    
+
     listen_ip = 0.0.0.0
     listen_port = 4242
 
     # Alternatively you can bind to a specific IP
-    
+
     # listen_ip = 10.0.0.88
     # listen_port = 4242
 
     # Or a specific network device
-    
+
     # device = eth0
     # port = 4242
 
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ loglevel = 4
     # host device before connecting. BLE
     # devices can be connected by name,
     # BLE MAC address or by any available.
-    
+
     # Connect to specific device by name
     # port = ble://RNode 3B87
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ loglevel = 4
     # Set TX power to 7 dBm (5 mW)
     txpower = 7
 
-    # Select spreading factor 8. Valid 
+    # Select spreading factor 8. Valid
     # range is 7 through 12, with 7
     # being the fastest and 12 having
     # the longest range.
@@ -349,8 +349,8 @@ loglevel = 4
     # flow control can be useful. By default
     # it is disabled.
     flow_control = False
-    
+
-    
+
   # An example KISS modem interface. Useful for running
   # Reticulum over packet radio hardware.
 
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ loglevel = 4
 
     # Set the serial baud-rate and other
     # configuration parameters.
-    speed = 115200    
+    speed = 115200
     databits = 8
     parity = none
     stopbits = 1
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ loglevel = 4
   # way, Reticulum will automatically encapsulate it's
   # traffic in AX.25 and also identify your stations
   # transmissions with your callsign and SSID.
-  # 
+  #
   # Only do this if you really need to! Reticulum doesn't
   # need the AX.25 layer for anything, and it incurs extra
   # overhead on every packet to encapsulate in AX.25.
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ loglevel = 4
 
     # Set the serial baud-rate and other
     # configuration parameters.
-    speed = 115200    
+    speed = 115200
     databits = 8
     parity = none
     stopbits = 1

RNS/Utilities/rnstatus.py

@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 request_result = None
 request_concluded = False
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
         try:
             dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
             if len(remote) != dest_len:
-                raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                raise ValueError(f"Destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
             try:
                 identity_hash = bytes.fromhex(remote)
                 destination_hash = RNS.Destination.hash_from_name_and_identity("rnstransport.remote.management", identity_hash)
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                     stats, link_count = remote_status
             except Exception as e:
                 raise e
-                    
+
         except Exception as e:
             print(str(e))
             exit(20)
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
             if sorting == "held":
                 interfaces.sort(key=lambda i: i["held_announces"], reverse=not sort_reverse)
 
-            
+
         for ifstat in interfaces:
             name = ifstat["name"]
 
@@ -281,13 +281,13 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                         if "ifac_netname" in ifstat and ifstat["ifac_netname"] != None:
                             print("    Network   : {nn}".format(nn=ifstat["ifac_netname"]))
 
-                        print("    Status    : {ss}".format(ss=ss))
+                        print(f"    Status    : {ss}")
 
                         if clients != None and clients_string != "":
                             print("    "+clients_string)
 
                         if not (name.startswith("Shared Instance[") or name.startswith("TCPInterface[Client") or name.startswith("LocalInterface[")):
-                            print("    Mode      : {mode}".format(mode=modestr))
+                            print(f"    Mode      : {modestr}")
 
                         if "bitrate" in ifstat and ifstat["bitrate"] != None:
                             print("    Rate      : {ss}".format(ss=speed_str(ifstat["bitrate"])))
@@ -295,16 +295,16 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                         if "battery_percent" in ifstat and ifstat["battery_percent"] != None:
                             try:
                                 bpi = int(ifstat["battery_percent"])
-                                print("    Battery   : {bp}%".format(bp=bpi))
+                                print(f"    Battery   : {bpi}%")
                             except:
                                 pass
 
                         if "airtime_short" in ifstat and "airtime_long" in ifstat:
                             print("    Airtime   : {ats}% (15s), {atl}% (1h)".format(ats=str(ifstat["airtime_short"]),atl=str(ifstat["airtime_long"])))
-                        
+
                         if "channel_load_short" in ifstat and "channel_load_long" in ifstat:
                             print("    Ch.Load   : {ats}% (15s), {atl}% (1h)".format(ats=str(ifstat["channel_load_short"]),atl=str(ifstat["channel_load_long"])))
-                        
+
                         if "peers" in ifstat and ifstat["peers"] != None:
                             print("    Peers     : {np} reachable".format(np=ifstat["peers"]))
 
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                         if "ifac_signature" in ifstat and ifstat["ifac_signature"] != None:
                             sigstr = "<…"+RNS.hexrep(ifstat["ifac_signature"][-5:], delimit=False)+">"
                             print("    Access    : {nb}-bit IFAC by {sig}".format(nb=ifstat["ifac_size"]*8, sig=sigstr))
-                        
+
                         if "i2p_b32" in ifstat and ifstat["i2p_b32"] != None:
                             print("    I2P B32   : {ep}".format(ep=str(ifstat["i2p_b32"])))
 
@@ -324,14 +324,14 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                                 print("    Queued    : {np} announce".format(np=aqn))
                             else:
                                 print("    Queued    : {np} announces".format(np=aqn))
-                        
+
                         if astats and "held_announces" in ifstat and ifstat["held_announces"] != None and ifstat["held_announces"] > 0:
                             aqn = ifstat["held_announces"]
                             if aqn == 1:
                                 print("    Held      : {np} announce".format(np=aqn))
                             else:
                                 print("    Held      : {np} announces".format(np=aqn))
-                        
+
                         if astats and "incoming_announce_frequency" in ifstat and ifstat["incoming_announce_frequency"] != None:
                             print("    Announces : {iaf}↑".format(iaf=RNS.prettyfrequency(ifstat["outgoing_announce_frequency"])))
                             print("                {iaf}↓".format(iaf=RNS.prettyfrequency(ifstat["incoming_announce_frequency"])))
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity=0, name_filter=None, json=
                 print(f"\n{lstr}")
 
         print("")
-                
+
     else:
         if not remote:
             print("Could not get RNS status")
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ def main():
             help="show all interfaces",
             default=False
         )
-        
+
         parser.add_argument(
             "-A",
             "--announce-stats",
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ def main():
             help="show announce stats",
             default=False
         )
-        
+
         parser.add_argument(
             "-l",
             "--link-stats",
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ def main():
             help="show link stats",
             default=False,
         )
-        
+
         parser.add_argument(
             "-s",
             "--sort",
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ def main():
             default=None,
             type=str
         )
-        
+
         parser.add_argument(
             "-r",
             "--reverse",
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ def main():
             help="reverse sorting",
             default=False,
         )
-        
+
         parser.add_argument(
             "-j",
             "--json",
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
 
         parser.add_argument("filter", nargs="?", default=None, help="only display interfaces with names including filter", type=str)
-        
+
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
         if args.config:
@@ -488,10 +488,10 @@ def speed_str(num, suffix='bps'):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
-            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:3.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

RNS/Utilities/rnx.py

@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ allowed_identity_hashes = []
 def prepare_identity(identity_path):
     global identity
     if identity_path == None:
-        identity_path = RNS.Reticulum.identitypath+"/"+APP_NAME
+        identity_path = f"{RNS.Reticulum.identitypath}/{APP_NAME}"
 
     if os.path.isfile(identity_path):
-        identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)                
+        identity = RNS.Identity.from_file(identity_path)
 
     if identity == None:
         RNS.log("No valid saved identity found, creating new...", RNS.LOG_INFO)
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ def listen(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed
 
     targetloglevel = 3+verbosity-quietness
     reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, loglevel=targetloglevel)
-    
+
     prepare_identity(identitypath)
     destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "execute")
 
     if print_identity:
-        print("Identity     : "+str(identity))
+        print(f"Identity     : {identity}")
-        print("Listening on : "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+        print(f"Listening on : {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
         exit(0)
 
     if disable_auth:
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def listen(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed
                 try:
                     dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
                     if len(a) != dest_len:
-                        raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+                        raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
                     try:
                         destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(a)
                         allowed_identity_hashes.append(destination_hash)
@@ -103,27 +103,27 @@ def listen(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, allowed
             allow = RNS.Destination.ALLOW_ALL,
         )
 
-    RNS.log("rnx listening for commands on "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    RNS.log(f"rnx listening for commands on {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)}")
 
     if not disable_announce:
         destination.announce()
-    
+
     while True:
         time.sleep(1)
 
 def command_link_established(link):
     link.set_remote_identified_callback(initiator_identified)
     link.set_link_closed_callback(command_link_closed)
-    RNS.log("Command link "+str(link)+" established")
+    RNS.log(f"Command link {link} established")
 
 def command_link_closed(link):
-    RNS.log("Command link "+str(link)+" closed")
+    RNS.log(f"Command link {link} closed")
 
 def initiator_identified(link, identity):
     global allow_all
-    RNS.log("Initiator of link "+str(link)+" identified as "+RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash))
+    RNS.log(f"Initiator of link {link} identified as {RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash)}")
     if not allow_all and not identity.hash in allowed_identity_hashes:
-        RNS.log("Identity "+RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash)+" not allowed, tearing down link")
+        RNS.log(f"Identity {RNS.prettyhexrep(identity.hash)} not allowed, tearing down link")
         link.teardown()
 
 def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_at):
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_
     stdin   = data[4]                  # Data passed to stdin
 
     if remote_identity != None:
-        RNS.log("Executing command ["+command+"] for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Executing command [{command}] for {RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash)}")
     else:
-        RNS.log("Executing command ["+command+"] for unknown requestor")
+        RNS.log(f"Executing command [{command}] for unknown requestor")
 
     result    = [
         False,                         # 0: Command was executed
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_
             pass
 
         if timeout != None and time.time() > result[6]+timeout:
-            RNS.log("Command ["+command+"] timed out and is being killed...")
+            RNS.log(f"Command [{command}] timed out and is being killed...")
             process.terminate()
             process.wait()
             if process.poll() != None:
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ def execute_received_command(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_
         return result
 
     if remote_identity != None:
-        RNS.log("Delivering result of command ["+str(command)+"] to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash))
+        RNS.log(f"Delivering result of command [{command}] to {RNS.prettyhexrep(remote_identity.hash)}")
     else:
-        RNS.log("Delivering result of command ["+str(command)+"] to unknown requestor")
+        RNS.log(f"Delivering result of command [{command}] to unknown requestor")
 
     return result
 
@@ -231,14 +231,14 @@ def spin(until=None, msg=None, timeout=None):
     if timeout != None:
         timeout = time.time()+timeout
 
-    print(msg+"  ", end=" ")
+    print(f"{msg}  ", end=" ")
     while (timeout == None or time.time()<timeout) and not until():
         time.sleep(0.1)
-        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        print(f'\x08\x08{syms[i]} ', end="")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
 
-    print("\r"+" "*len(msg)+"  \r", end="")
+    print(f"\r{' ' * len(msg)}  \r", end="")
 
     if timeout != None and time.time() > timeout:
         return False
@@ -259,8 +259,8 @@ def spin_stat(until=None, timeout=None):
         time.sleep(0.1)
         prg = current_progress
         percent = round(prg * 100.0, 1)
-        stat_str = str(percent)+"% - " + size_str(int(prg*response_transfer_size)) + " of " + size_str(response_transfer_size) + " - " +size_str(speed, "b")+"ps"
+        stat_str = f"{percent}% - {size_str(int(prg * response_transfer_size))} of {size_str(response_transfer_size)} - {size_str(speed, 'b')}ps"
-        print("\r                                                                                  \rReceiving result "+syms[i]+" "+stat_str, end=" ")
+        print(f'\r                                                                                  \rReceiving result {syms[i]} {stat_str}', end=" ")
 
         sys.stdout.flush()
         i = (i+1)%len(syms)
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
     try:
         dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
         if len(destination) != dest_len:
-            raise ValueError("Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+            raise ValueError(f"Allowed destination length is invalid, must be {dest_len} hexadecimal characters ({dest_len // 2} bytes).")
         try:
             destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
 
     if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
         RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
-        if not spin(until=lambda: RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash), msg="Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested", timeout=timeout):
+        if not spin(until=lambda: RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash), msg=f"Path to {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)} requested", timeout=timeout):
             print("Path not found")
             exit(242)
 
@@ -338,9 +338,9 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
     if link == None or link.status == RNS.Link.CLOSED or link.status == RNS.Link.PENDING:
         link = RNS.Link(listener_destination)
         link.did_identify = False
-    
+
-    if not spin(until=lambda: link.status == RNS.Link.ACTIVE, msg="Establishing link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), timeout=timeout):
+    if not spin(until=lambda: link.status == RNS.Link.ACTIVE, msg=f"Establishing link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}", timeout=timeout):
-        print("Could not establish link with "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash))
+        print(f"Could not establish link with {RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)}")
         exit(243)
 
     if not noid and not link.did_identify:
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
                 print("\n--- End of remote output, rnx done ---")
                 if started != None and concluded != None:
                     cmd_duration = round(concluded - started, 3)
-                    print("Remote command execution took "+str(cmd_duration)+" seconds")
+                    print(f"Remote command execution took {cmd_duration} seconds")
 
                     total_size = request_receipt.response_size
                     if request_receipt.request_size != None:
@@ -453,27 +453,27 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
                     if transfer_duration == 1:
                         tdstr = " in 1 second"
                     elif transfer_duration < 10:
-                        tdstr = " in "+str(transfer_duration)+" seconds"
+                        tdstr = f" in {transfer_duration} seconds"
                     else:
-                        tdstr = " in "+pretty_time(transfer_duration)
+                        tdstr = f" in {pretty_time(transfer_duration)}"
 
-                    spdstr = ", effective rate "+size_str(total_size/transfer_duration, "b")+"ps"
+                    spdstr = f", effective rate {size_str(total_size / transfer_duration, 'b')}ps"
 
-                    print("Transferred "+size_str(total_size)+tdstr+spdstr)
+                    print(f"Transferred {size_str(total_size)}{tdstr}{spdstr}")
 
                 if outlen != None and stdout != None:
                     if len(stdout) < outlen:
-                        tstr = ", "+str(len(stdout))+" bytes displayed"
+                        tstr = f", {len(stdout)} bytes displayed"
                     else:
                         tstr = ""
-                    print("Remote wrote "+str(outlen)+" bytes to stdout"+tstr)
+                    print(f"Remote wrote {outlen} bytes to stdout{tstr}")
-                
+
                 if errlen != None and stderr != None:
                     if len(stderr) < errlen:
-                        tstr = ", "+str(len(stderr))+" bytes displayed"
+                        tstr = f", {len(stderr)} bytes displayed"
                     else:
                         tstr = ""
-                    print("Remote wrote "+str(errlen)+" bytes to stderr"+tstr)
+                    print(f"Remote wrote {errlen} bytes to stderr{tstr}")
 
             else:
                 if stdout != None and len(stdout) > 0:
@@ -487,9 +487,9 @@ def execute(configdir, identitypath = None, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, detail
                     sys.stderr.flush()
                     print("\nOutput truncated before being returned:")
                     if len(stdout) != 0 and len(stdout) < outlen:
-                        print("  stdout truncated to "+str(len(stdout))+" bytes")
+                        print(f"  stdout truncated to {len(stdout)} bytes")
                     if len(stderr) != 0 and len(stderr) < errlen:
-                        print("  stderr truncated to "+str(len(stderr))+" bytes")
+                        print(f"  stderr truncated to {len(stderr)} bytes")
         else:
             print("Remote could not execute command")
             if interactive:
@@ -547,8 +547,8 @@ def main():
         parser.add_argument("--stdin", action='store', default=None, help="pass input to stdin", type=str)
         parser.add_argument("--stdout", action='store', default=None, help="max size in bytes of returned stdout", type=int)
         parser.add_argument("--stderr", action='store', default=None, help="max size in bytes of returned stderr", type=int)
-        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnx {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version=f"rnx {__version__}")
-        
+
         args = parser.parse_args()
 
         if args.listen or args.print_identity:
@@ -593,15 +593,15 @@ def main():
             while True:
                 try:
                     cstr = str(code) if code and code != 0 else ""
-                    prompt = cstr+"> "
+                    prompt = f"{cstr}> "
                     print(prompt,end="")
 
                     # cmdbuf = b""
                     # while True:
                     #     ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
                     #     cmdbuf += ch.encode("utf-8")
-                    #     print("\r"+prompt+cmdbuf.decode("utf-8"), end="")    
+                    #     print("\r"+prompt+cmdbuf.decode("utf-8"), end="")
-                    
+
                     command = input()
                     if command.lower() == "exit" or command.lower() == "quit":
                         exit(0)
@@ -661,12 +661,12 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def pretty_time(time, verbose=False):
     days = int(time // (24 * 3600))
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ def pretty_time(time, verbose=False):
     minutes = int(time // 60)
     time %= 60
     seconds = round(time, 2)
-    
+
     ss = "" if seconds == 1 else "s"
     sm = "" if minutes == 1 else "s"
     sh = "" if hours == 1 else "s"
@@ -684,16 +684,16 @@ def pretty_time(time, verbose=False):
 
     components = []
     if days > 0:
-        components.append(str(days)+" day"+sd if verbose else str(days)+"d")
+        components.append(f"{days} day{sd}" if verbose else f"{days}d")
 
     if hours > 0:
-        components.append(str(hours)+" hour"+sh if verbose else str(hours)+"h")
+        components.append(f"{hours} hour{sh}" if verbose else f"{hours}h")
 
     if minutes > 0:
-        components.append(str(minutes)+" minute"+sm if verbose else str(minutes)+"m")
+        components.append(f"{minutes} minute{sm}" if verbose else f"{minutes}m")
 
     if seconds > 0:
-        components.append(str(seconds)+" second"+ss if verbose else str(seconds)+"s")
+        components.append(f"{seconds} second{ss}" if verbose else f"{seconds}s")
 
     i = 0
     tstr = ""

RNS/__init__.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def loglevelname(level):
         return "Debug"
     if (level == LOG_EXTREME):
         return "Extra"
-    
+
     return "Unknown"
 
 def version():
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def log(msg, level=3, _override_destination = False):
                 file = open(logfile, "a")
                 file.write(logstring+"\n")
                 file.close()
-                
+
                 if os.path.getsize(logfile) > LOG_MAXSIZE:
                     prevfile = logfile+".1"
                     if os.path.isfile(prevfile):
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def log(msg, level=3, _override_destination = False):
                 log("Exception occurred while writing log message to log file: "+str(e), LOG_CRITICAL)
                 log("Dumping future log events to console!", LOG_CRITICAL)
                 log(msg, level)
-                
+
 
 def rand():
     result = instance_random.random()
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def rand():
 def trace_exception(e):
     import traceback
     exception_info = "".join(traceback.TracebackException.from_exception(e).format())
-    log(f"An unhandled {str(type(e))} exception occurred: {str(e)}", LOG_ERROR)
+    log(f"An unhandled {type(e)} exception occurred: {e}", LOG_ERROR)
     log(exception_info, LOG_ERROR)
 
 def hexrep(data, delimit=True):
@@ -155,16 +155,16 @@ def hexrep(data, delimit=True):
         iter(data)
     except TypeError:
         data = [data]
-        
+
     delimiter = ":"
     if not delimit:
         delimiter = ""
-    hexrep = delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)
+    hexrep = delimiter.join(f"{c:02x}" for c in data)
     return hexrep
 
 def prettyhexrep(data):
     delimiter = ""
-    hexrep = "<"+delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)+">"
+    hexrep = "<"+delimiter.join(f"{c:02x}" for c in data)+">"
     return hexrep
 
 def prettyspeed(num, suffix="b"):
@@ -182,12 +182,12 @@ def prettysize(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def prettyfrequency(hz, suffix="Hz"):
     num = hz*1e6
@@ -196,10 +196,10 @@ def prettyfrequency(hz, suffix="Hz"):
 
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
-            return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def prettydistance(m, suffix="m"):
     num = m*1e6
@@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ def prettydistance(m, suffix="m"):
         if unit == "c": divisor = 100
 
         if abs(num) < divisor:
-            return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= divisor
 
-    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f} {last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 def prettytime(time, verbose=False, compact=False):
     days = int(time // (24 * 3600))
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ def prettytime(time, verbose=False, compact=False):
         seconds = int(time)
     else:
         seconds = round(time, 2)
-    
+
     ss = "" if seconds == 1 else "s"
     sm = "" if minutes == 1 else "s"
     sh = "" if hours == 1 else "s"
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ def prettytime(time, verbose=False, compact=False):
 
 def prettyshorttime(time, verbose=False, compact=False):
     time = time*1e6
-    
+
     seconds = int(time // 1e6); time %= 1e6
     milliseconds = int(time // 1e3); time %= 1e3
 
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ def prettyshorttime(time, verbose=False, compact=False):
         microseconds = int(time)
     else:
         microseconds = round(time, 2)
-    
+
     ss = "" if seconds == 1 else "s"
     sms = "" if milliseconds == 1 else "s"
     sus = "" if microseconds == 1 else "s"
@@ -365,16 +365,16 @@ def profiler(tag=None, capture=False, super_tag=None):
 def profiler_results():
     from statistics import mean, median, stdev
     results = {}
-    
+
     for tag in profiler_tags:
         tag_captures = []
         tag_entry = profiler_tags[tag]
-        
+
         for thread_ident in tag_entry["threads"]:
             thread_entry = tag_entry["threads"][thread_ident]
             thread_captures = thread_entry["captures"]
             sample_count = len(thread_captures)
-            
+
             if sample_count > 2:
                 thread_results = {
                     "count": sample_count,

RNS/vendor/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import os
 import glob
 
-modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+modules = glob.glob(f"{os.path.dirname(__file__)}/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/vendor/i2plib/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 """
-A modern asynchronous library for building I2P applications. 
+A modern asynchronous library for building I2P applications.
 """
 
 from .__version__ import (
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from .__version__ import (
 from .sam import Destination, PrivateKey
 
 from .aiosam import (
-    get_sam_socket, dest_lookup, new_destination, 
+    get_sam_socket, dest_lookup, new_destination,
     create_session, stream_connect, stream_accept,
     Session, StreamConnection, StreamAcceptor
 )

RNS/vendor/i2plib/aiosam.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def parse_reply(data):
 
     try:
         msg = sam.Message(data.decode().strip())
-        logger.debug("SAM reply: "+str(msg))
+        logger.debug(f"SAM reply: {msg}")
     except:
         raise ConnectionAbortedError("Invalid SAM response")
 
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ async def get_sam_socket(sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, loop=None):
         writer.close()
         raise exceptions.SAM_EXCEPTIONS[reply["RESULT"]]()
 
-async def dest_lookup(domain, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, 
+async def dest_lookup(domain, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
                       loop=None):
-    """A coroutine used to lookup a full I2P destination by .i2p domain or 
+    """A coroutine used to lookup a full I2P destination by .i2p domain or
     .b32.i2p address.
 
-    :param domain: Address to be resolved, can be a .i2p domain or a .b32.i2p 
+    :param domain: Address to be resolved, can be a .i2p domain or a .b32.i2p
                    address.
     :param sam_address: (optional) SAM API address
     :param loop: (optional) Event loop instance
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ async def dest_lookup(domain, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
 
 async def new_destination(sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, loop=None,
                       sig_type=sam.Destination.default_sig_type):
-    """A coroutine used to generate a new destination with a private key of a 
+    """A coroutine used to generate a new destination with a private key of a
     chosen signature type.
 
     :param sam_address: (optional) SAM API address
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ async def new_destination(sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, loop=None,
     writer.close()
     return sam.Destination(reply["PRIV"], has_private_key=True)
 
-async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, 
+async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
                          loop=None, style="STREAM",
                          signature_type=sam.Destination.default_sig_type,
                          destination=None, options={}):
@@ -80,16 +80,16 @@ async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
     :param sam_address: (optional) SAM API address
     :param loop: (optional) Event loop instance
     :param style: (optional) Session style, can be STREAM, DATAGRAM, RAW
-    :param signature_type: (optional) If the destination is TRANSIENT, this 
+    :param signature_type: (optional) If the destination is TRANSIENT, this
                         signature type is used
-    :param destination: (optional) Destination to use in this session. Can be 
+    :param destination: (optional) Destination to use in this session. Can be
-                        a base64 encoded string, :class:`Destination` 
+                        a base64 encoded string, :class:`Destination`
                         instance or None. TRANSIENT destination is used when it
                         is None.
     :param options: (optional) A dict object with i2cp options
     :return: A (reader, writer) pair
     """
-    logger.debug("Creating session {}".format(session_name))
+    logger.debug(f"Creating session {session_name}")
     if destination:
         if type(destination) == sam.Destination:
             destination = destination
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
     else:
         dest_string = sam.TRANSIENT_DESTINATION
 
-    options = " ".join(["{}={}".format(k, v) for k, v in options.items()])
+    options = " ".join([f"{k}={v}" for k, v in options.items()])
 
     reader, writer = await get_sam_socket(sam_address, loop)
     writer.write(sam.session_create(
@@ -111,15 +111,15 @@ async def create_session(session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
     if reply.ok:
         if not destination:
             destination = sam.Destination(
-                    reply["DESTINATION"], has_private_key=True) 
+                    reply["DESTINATION"], has_private_key=True)
         logger.debug(destination.base32)
-        logger.debug("Session created {}".format(session_name))
+        logger.debug(f"Session created {session_name}")
         return (reader, writer)
     else:
         writer.close()
         raise exceptions.SAM_EXCEPTIONS[reply["RESULT"]]()
 
-async def stream_connect(session_name, destination, 
+async def stream_connect(session_name, destination,
                          sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, loop=None):
     """A coroutine used to connect to a remote I2P destination.
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ async def stream_connect(session_name, destination,
     :param loop: (optional) Event loop instance
     :return: A (reader, writer) pair
     """
-    logger.debug("Connecting stream {}".format(session_name))
+    logger.debug(f"Connecting stream {session_name}")
     if isinstance(destination, str) and not destination.endswith(".i2p"):
         destination = sam.Destination(destination)
     elif isinstance(destination, str):
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ async def stream_connect(session_name, destination,
                                            silent="false"))
     reply = parse_reply(await reader.readline())
     if reply.ok:
-        logger.debug("Stream connected {}".format(session_name))
+        logger.debug(f"Stream connected {session_name}")
         return (reader, writer)
     else:
         writer.close()
@@ -173,16 +173,16 @@ class Session:
     :param sam_address: (optional) SAM API address
     :param loop: (optional) Event loop instance
     :param style: (optional) Session style, can be STREAM, DATAGRAM, RAW
-    :param signature_type: (optional) If the destination is TRANSIENT, this 
+    :param signature_type: (optional) If the destination is TRANSIENT, this
                         signature type is used
-    :param destination: (optional) Destination to use in this session. Can be 
+    :param destination: (optional) Destination to use in this session. Can be
-                        a base64 encoded string, :class:`Destination` 
+                        a base64 encoded string, :class:`Destination`
                         instance or None. TRANSIENT destination is used when it
                         is None.
     :param options: (optional) A dict object with i2cp options
     :return: :class:`Session` object
     """
-    def __init__(self, session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, 
+    def __init__(self, session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
                          loop=None, style="STREAM",
                          signature_type=sam.Destination.default_sig_type,
                          destination=None, options={}):
@@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ class Session:
         self.options = options
 
     async def __aenter__(self):
-        self.reader, self.writer = await create_session(self.session_name, 
+        self.reader, self.writer = await create_session(self.session_name,
-                sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop, style=self.style, 
+                sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop, style=self.style,
-                signature_type=self.signature_type, 
+                signature_type=self.signature_type,
                 destination=self.destination, options=self.options)
         return self
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class StreamConnection:
     :param loop: (optional) Event loop instance
     :return: :class:`StreamConnection` object
     """
-    def __init__(self, session_name, destination, 
+    def __init__(self, session_name, destination,
                  sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, loop=None):
         self.session_name = session_name
         self.sam_address = sam_address
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class StreamConnection:
         self.destination = destination
 
     async def __aenter__(self):
-        self.reader, self.writer = await stream_connect(self.session_name, 
+        self.reader, self.writer = await stream_connect(self.session_name,
                 self.destination, sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop)
         self.read = self.reader.read
         self.write = self.writer.write
@@ -240,14 +240,14 @@ class StreamAcceptor:
     :param loop: (optional) Event loop instance
     :return: :class:`StreamAcceptor` object
     """
-    def __init__(self, session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS, 
+    def __init__(self, session_name, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS,
                  loop=None):
         self.session_name = session_name
         self.sam_address = sam_address
         self.loop = loop
 
     async def __aenter__(self):
-        self.reader, self.writer = await stream_accept(self.session_name, 
+        self.reader, self.writer = await stream_accept(self.session_name,
                         sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop)
         self.read = self.reader.read
         self.write = self.writer.write

RNS/vendor/i2plib/sam.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ I2P_B64_CHARS = "-~"
 
 def i2p_b64encode(x):
     """Encode I2P destination"""
-    return b64encode(x, altchars=I2P_B64_CHARS.encode()).decode() 
+    return b64encode(x, altchars=I2P_B64_CHARS.encode()).decode()
 
 def i2p_b64decode(x):
     """Decode I2P destination"""
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ TRANSIENT_DESTINATION = "TRANSIENT"
 VALID_BASE32_ADDRESS = re.compile(r"^([a-zA-Z0-9]{52}).b32.i2p$")
 VALID_BASE64_ADDRESS = re.compile(r"^([a-zA-Z0-9-~=]{516,528})$")
 
-class Message(object):
+class Message:
     """Parse SAM message to an object"""
     def __init__(self, s):
         self.opts = {}
@@ -51,41 +51,37 @@ class Message(object):
 # SAM request messages
 
 def hello(min_version, max_version):
-    return "HELLO VERSION MIN={} MAX={}\n".format(min_version, 
+    return f"HELLO VERSION MIN={min_version} MAX={max_version}\n".encode()
-            max_version).encode()
 
 def session_create(style, session_id, destination, options=""):
-    return "SESSION CREATE STYLE={} ID={} DESTINATION={} {}\n".format(
+    return f"SESSION CREATE STYLE={style} ID={session_id} DESTINATION={destination} {options}\n".encode()
-            style, session_id, destination, options).encode()
 
 
 def stream_connect(session_id, destination, silent="false"):
-    return "STREAM CONNECT ID={} DESTINATION={} SILENT={}\n".format(
+    return f"STREAM CONNECT ID={session_id} DESTINATION={destination} SILENT={silent}\n".encode()
-            session_id, destination, silent).encode()
 
 def stream_accept(session_id, silent="false"):
-    return "STREAM ACCEPT ID={} SILENT={}\n".format(session_id, silent).encode()
+    return f"STREAM ACCEPT ID={session_id} SILENT={silent}\n".encode()
 
 def stream_forward(session_id, port, options=""):
-    return "STREAM FORWARD ID={} PORT={} {}\n".format(
+    return f"STREAM FORWARD ID={session_id} PORT={port} {options}\n".encode()
-            session_id, port, options).encode()
 
 
 
 def naming_lookup(name):
-    return "NAMING LOOKUP NAME={}\n".format(name).encode()
+    return f"NAMING LOOKUP NAME={name}\n".encode()
 
 def dest_generate(signature_type):
-    return "DEST GENERATE SIGNATURE_TYPE={}\n".format(signature_type).encode()
+    return f"DEST GENERATE SIGNATURE_TYPE={signature_type}\n".encode()
 
-class Destination(object):
+class Destination:
     """I2P destination
 
     https://geti2p.net/spec/common-structures#destination
 
-    :param data: (optional) Base64 encoded data or binary data 
+    :param data: (optional) Base64 encoded data or binary data
-    :param path: (optional) A path to a file with binary data 
+    :param path: (optional) A path to a file with binary data
-    :param has_private_key: (optional) Does data have a private key? 
+    :param has_private_key: (optional) Does data have a private key?
     """
 
     ECDSA_SHA256_P256 = 1
@@ -101,12 +97,12 @@ class Destination(object):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, path=None, has_private_key=False):
         #: Binary destination
-        self.data = bytes() 
+        self.data = b''
         #: Base64 encoded destination
-        self.base64 = ""    
+        self.base64 = ""
         #: :class:`RNS.vendor.i2plib.PrivateKey` instance or None
-        self.private_key = None    
+        self.private_key = None
-        
+
         if path:
             with open(path, "rb") as f: data = f.read()
 
@@ -123,20 +119,20 @@ class Destination(object):
         self.base64 = data if type(data) == str else i2p_b64encode(data)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<Destination: {}>".format(self.base32)
+        return f"<Destination: {self.base32}>"
 
     @property
     def base32(self):
         """Base32 destination hash of this destination"""
         desthash = sha256(self.data).digest()
         return b32encode(desthash).decode()[:52].lower()
-    
+
-class PrivateKey(object):
+class PrivateKey:
     """I2P private key
 
     https://geti2p.net/spec/common-structures#keysandcert
 
-    :param data: Base64 encoded data or binary data 
+    :param data: Base64 encoded data or binary data
     """
 
     def __init__(self, data):

RNS/vendor/i2plib/tunnel.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import logging
 import asyncio
 import argparse
 
-from . import sam 
+from . import sam
 from . import aiosam
 from . import utils
 from .log import logger
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ async def proxy_data(reader, writer):
                 break
             writer.write(data)
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug('proxy_data_task exception {}'.format(e))
+        logger.debug(f'proxy_data_task exception {e}')
     finally:
         try:
             writer.close()
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ async def proxy_data(reader, writer):
             pass
         logger.debug('close connection')
 
-class I2PTunnel(object):
+class I2PTunnel:
     """Base I2P Tunnel object, not to be used directly
 
-    :param local_address: A local address to use for a tunnel. 
+    :param local_address: A local address to use for a tunnel.
                           E.g. ("127.0.0.1", 6668)
-    :param destination: (optional) Destination to use for this tunnel. Can be 
+    :param destination: (optional) Destination to use for this tunnel. Can be
                         a base64 encoded string, :class:`Destination`
                         instance or None. A new destination is created when it
                         is None.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class I2PTunnel(object):
     :param sam_address: (optional) SAM API address
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, local_address, destination=None, session_name=None, 
+    def __init__(self, local_address, destination=None, session_name=None,
                  options={}, loop=None, sam_address=sam.DEFAULT_ADDRESS):
         self.local_address = local_address
         self.destination = destination
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class I2PTunnel(object):
                 sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop)
         _, self.session_writer = await aiosam.create_session(
                 self.session_name, style=self.style, options=self.options,
-                sam_address=self.sam_address, 
+                sam_address=self.sam_address,
                 loop=self.loop, destination=self.destination)
 
     def stop(self):
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ class ClientTunnel(I2PTunnel):
     """Client tunnel, a subclass of tunnel.I2PTunnel
 
     If you run a client tunnel with a local address ("127.0.0.1", 6668) and
-    a remote destination "irc.echelon.i2p", all connections to 127.0.0.1:6668 
+    a remote destination "irc.echelon.i2p", all connections to 127.0.0.1:6668
     will be proxied to irc.echelon.i2p.
 
-    :param remote_destination: Remote I2P destination, can be either .i2p 
+    :param remote_destination: Remote I2P destination, can be either .i2p
-                        domain, .b32.i2p address, base64 destination or 
+                        domain, .b32.i2p address, base64 destination or
                         :class:`Destination` instance
     """
 
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ class ClientTunnel(I2PTunnel):
             """Handle local client connection"""
             try:
                 sc_task = aiosam.stream_connect(
-                        self.session_name, self.remote_destination, 
+                        self.session_name, self.remote_destination,
                         sam_address=self.sam_address, loop=self.loop)
                 self.status["connect_tasks"].append(sc_task)
-                
+
                 remote_reader, remote_writer = await sc_task
-                asyncio.ensure_future(proxy_data(remote_reader, client_writer), 
+                asyncio.ensure_future(proxy_data(remote_reader, client_writer),
                                       loop=self.loop)
                 asyncio.ensure_future(proxy_data(client_reader, remote_writer),
                                       loop=self.loop)
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ class ServerTunnel(I2PTunnel):
     """Server tunnel, a subclass of tunnel.I2PTunnel
 
     If you want to expose a local service 127.0.0.1:80 to the I2P network, run
-    a server tunnel with a local address ("127.0.0.1", 80). If you don't 
+    a server tunnel with a local address ("127.0.0.1", 80). If you don't
-    provide a private key or a session name, it will use a TRANSIENT 
+    provide a private key or a session name, it will use a TRANSIENT
     destination.
     """
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -139,11 +139,10 @@ class ServerTunnel(I2PTunnel):
         async def handle_client(incoming, client_reader, client_writer):
             try:
                 # data and dest may come in one chunk
-                dest, data = incoming.split(b"\n", 1) 
+                dest, data = incoming.split(b"\n", 1)
                 remote_destination = sam.Destination(dest.decode())
-                logger.debug("{} client connected: {}.b32.i2p".format(
+                logger.debug(f"{self.session_name} client connected: {remote_destination.base32}.b32.i2p")
-                    self.session_name, remote_destination.base32))
+
-            
             except Exception as e:
                 self.status["exception"] = e
                 self.status["setup_failed"] = True
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ class ServerTunnel(I2PTunnel):
             try:
                 sc_task = asyncio.wait_for(
                         asyncio.open_connection(
-                           host=self.local_address[0], 
+                           host=self.local_address[0],
                            port=self.local_address[1]),
                         timeout=5)
                 self.status["connect_tasks"].append(sc_task)
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ class ServerTunnel(I2PTunnel):
             try:
                 while True:
                     client_reader, client_writer = await aiosam.stream_accept(
-                            self.session_name, sam_address=self.sam_address, 
+                            self.session_name, sam_address=self.sam_address,
                             loop=self.loop)
                     incoming = await client_reader.read(BUFFER_SIZE)
                     asyncio.ensure_future(handle_client(
@@ -193,13 +192,13 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('type', metavar="TYPE", choices=('server', 'client'),
                         help="Tunnel type (server or client)")
-    parser.add_argument('address', metavar="ADDRESS", 
+    parser.add_argument('address', metavar="ADDRESS",
                         help="Local address (e.g. 127.0.0.1:8000)")
     parser.add_argument('--debug', '-d', action='store_true',
                         help='Debugging')
     parser.add_argument('--key', '-k', default='', metavar='PRIVATE_KEY',
                         help='Path to private key file')
-    parser.add_argument('--destination', '-D', default='', 
+    parser.add_argument('--destination', '-D', default='',
                         metavar='DESTINATION', help='Remote destination')
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -217,10 +216,10 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     local_address = utils.address_from_string(args.address)
 
     if args.type == "client":
-        tunnel = ClientTunnel(args.destination, local_address, loop=loop, 
+        tunnel = ClientTunnel(args.destination, local_address, loop=loop,
                 destination=destination, sam_address=SAM_ADDRESS)
     elif args.type == "server":
-        tunnel = ServerTunnel(local_address, loop=loop, destination=destination, 
+        tunnel = ServerTunnel(local_address, loop=loop, destination=destination,
                 sam_address=SAM_ADDRESS)
 
     asyncio.ensure_future(tunnel.run(), loop=loop)

RNS/vendor/i2plib/utils.py

@@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ def generate_session_id(length=6):
     """Generate random session id"""
     rand = random.SystemRandom()
     sid = [rand.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(length)]
-    return "reticulum-" + "".join(sid)
+    return f"reticulum-{''.join(sid)}"
 

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/__init__.py

@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ if os.name == "nt":
 elif os.name == "posix":
     from RNS.vendor.ifaddr._posix import get_adapters
 else:
-    raise RuntimeError("Unsupported Operating System: %s" % os.name)
+    raise RuntimeError(f"Unsupported Operating System: {os.name}")
 
 __all__ = ['Adapter', 'IP', 'get_adapters']

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/_posix.py

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def get_adapters(include_unconfigured: bool = False) -> Iterable[shared.Adapter]
                 prefixlen = shared.ipv6_prefixlength(ipaddress.IPv6Address(netmaskStr))
             else:
                 assert netmask is not None, f'sockaddr_to_ip({addr[0].ifa_netmask}) returned None'
-                netmaskStr = str('0.0.0.0/' + netmask)
+                netmaskStr = str(f"0.0.0.0/{netmask}")
                 prefixlen = ipaddress.IPv4Network(netmaskStr).prefixlen
             ip = shared.IP(ip_addr, prefixlen, name)
             add_ip(name, ip)

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/_shared.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import platform
 
 from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
-class Adapter(object):
+class Adapter:
     """
     Represents a network interface device controller (NIC), such as a
     network card. An adapter can have multiple IPs.
@@ -58,9 +58,7 @@ class Adapter(object):
         self.index = index
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Adapter(name={name}, nice_name={nice_name}, ips={ips}, index={index})".format(
+        return f"Adapter(name={self.name!r}, nice_name={self.nice_name!r}, ips={self.ips!r}, index={self.index!r})"
-            name=repr(self.name), nice_name=repr(self.nice_name), ips=repr(self.ips), index=repr(self.index)
-        )
 
 
 # Type of an IPv4 address (a string in "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" format)
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ _IPv4Address = str
 _IPv6Address = Tuple[str, int, int]
 
 
-class IP(object):
+class IP:
     """
     Represents an IP address of an adapter.
     """
@@ -112,9 +110,7 @@ class IP(object):
         return isinstance(self.ip, tuple)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "IP(ip={ip}, network_prefix={network_prefix}, nice_name={nice_name})".format(
+        return f"IP(ip={self.ip!r}, network_prefix={self.network_prefix!r}, nice_name={self.nice_name!r})"
-            ip=repr(self.ip), network_prefix=repr(self.network_prefix), nice_name=repr(self.nice_name)
-        )
 
 
 if platform.system() == "Darwin" or "BSD" in platform.system():

RNS/vendor/ifaddr/niwrapper.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def ifaddresses(ifname) -> dict:
             for ip in a.ips:
                 t = {}
                 if ip.is_IPv4:
-                    net = ipaddress.ip_network(str(ip.ip)+"/"+str(ip.network_prefix), strict=False)
+                    net = ipaddress.ip_network(f"{ip.ip}/{ip.network_prefix}", strict=False)
                     t["addr"] = ip.ip
                     t["prefix"] = ip.network_prefix
                     t["broadcast"] = str(net.broadcast_address)

RNS/vendor/six.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 """Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
 
-from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import functools
 import itertools
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ else:
         MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
     else:
         # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
-        class X(object):
+        class X:
 
             def __len__(self):
                 return 1 << 31
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ def _import_module(name):
     return sys.modules[name]
 
 
-class _LazyDescr(object):
+class _LazyDescr:
 
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ class _LazyDescr(object):
 class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
 
     def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
-        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        super().__init__(name)
         if PY3:
             if new is None:
                 new = name
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
 class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
 
     def __init__(self, name):
-        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        super().__init__(name)
         self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
 
     def __dir__(self):
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
 class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
 
     def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
-        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        super().__init__(name)
         if PY3:
             if new_mod is None:
                 new_mod = name
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
         return getattr(module, self.attr)
 
 
-class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+class _SixMetaPathImporter:
 
     """
     A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
@@ -181,10 +180,10 @@ class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
 
     def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
         for fullname in fullnames:
-            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+            self.known_modules[f"{self.name}.{fullname}"] = mod
 
     def _get_module(self, fullname):
-        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+        return self.known_modules[f"{self.name}.{fullname}"]
 
     def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
         if fullname in self.known_modules:
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
         try:
             return self.known_modules[fullname]
         except KeyError:
-            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+            raise ImportError(f"This loader does not know module {fullname}")
 
     def load_module(self, fullname):
         try:
@@ -312,9 +311,9 @@ _moved_attributes = [
     MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
     MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
                 "tkinter.simpledialog"),
-    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
-    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
-    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib", f"{__name__}.moves.urllib"),
     MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
     MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
     MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
@@ -328,12 +327,12 @@ if sys.platform == "win32":
 for attr in _moved_attributes:
     setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
     if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
-        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+        _importer._add_module(attr, f"moves.{attr.name}")
 del attr
 
 _MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
 
-moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+moves = _MovedItems(f"{__name__}.moves")
 _importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
 
 
@@ -375,7 +374,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib_parse"),
                       "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
 
 
@@ -395,7 +394,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.error"),
                       "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
 
 
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.request"),
                       "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
 
 
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.response"),
                       "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
 
 
@@ -486,7 +485,7 @@ del attr
 
 Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib.robotparser"),
                       "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
 
 
@@ -503,7 +502,7 @@ class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
     def __dir__(self):
         return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
 
-_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(f"{__name__}.moves.urllib"),
                       "moves.urllib")
 
 
@@ -520,7 +519,7 @@ def remove_move(name):
         try:
             del moves.__dict__[name]
         except KeyError:
-            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+            raise AttributeError(f"no such move, {name!r}")
 
 
 if PY3:
@@ -576,7 +575,7 @@ else:
     def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
         return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
 
-    class Iterator(object):
+    class Iterator:
 
         def next(self):
             return type(self).__next__(self)
@@ -910,7 +909,7 @@ def ensure_binary(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
         return s
     if isinstance(s, text_type):
         return s.encode(encoding, errors)
-    raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+    raise TypeError(f"not expecting type '{type(s)}'")
 
 
 def ensure_str(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
@@ -932,7 +931,7 @@ def ensure_str(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
     elif PY3 and isinstance(s, binary_type):
         return s.decode(encoding, errors)
     elif not isinstance(s, (text_type, binary_type)):
-        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+        raise TypeError(f"not expecting type '{type(s)}'")
     return s
 
 
@@ -952,7 +951,7 @@ def ensure_text(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
     elif isinstance(s, text_type):
         return s
     else:
-        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+        raise TypeError(f"not expecting type '{type(s)}'")
 
 
 def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
@@ -965,9 +964,7 @@ def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
     """
     if PY2:
         if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
-            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+            raise ValueError(f"@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied to {klass.__name__} because it doesn't define __str__().")
-                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
-                             klass.__name__)
         klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
         klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
     return klass

RNS/vendor/umsgpack.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ import io
 if sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 3):
     from collections.abc import Hashable
 else:
-    from collections import Hashable
+    from collections.abc import Hashable
 
 __version__ = "2.7.1"
 "Module version string"
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ version = (2, 7, 1)
 ##############################################################################
 
 # Extension type for application-defined types and data
-class Ext(object):
+class Ext:
     """
     The Ext class facilitates creating a serializable extension object to store
     an application-defined type and data byte array.
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class Ext(object):
         if not isinstance(type, int):
             raise TypeError("ext type is not type integer")
         elif not (-2**7 <= type <= 2**7 - 1):
-            raise ValueError("ext type value {:d} is out of range (-128 to 127)".format(type))
+            raise ValueError(f"ext type value {type} is out of range (-128 to 127)")
         # Check data is type bytes or str
         elif sys.version_info[0] == 3 and not isinstance(data, bytes):
             raise TypeError("ext data is not type \'bytes\'")
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ class Ext(object):
         """
         String representation of this Ext object.
         """
-        s = "Ext Object (Type: {:d}, Data: ".format(self.type)
+        s = f"Ext Object (Type: {self.type}, Data: "
-        s += " ".join(["0x{:02}".format(ord(self.data[i:i + 1]))
+        s += " ".join([f"0x{ord(self.data[i:i + 1]):02}"
                        for i in xrange(min(len(self.data), 8))])
         if len(self.data) > 8:
             s += " ..."
@@ -177,11 +177,11 @@ def ext_serializable(ext_type):
         if not isinstance(ext_type, int):
             raise TypeError("Ext type is not type integer")
         elif not (-2**7 <= ext_type <= 2**7 - 1):
-            raise ValueError("Ext type value {:d} is out of range of -128 to 127".format(ext_type))
+            raise ValueError(f"Ext type value {ext_type} is out of range of -128 to 127")
         elif ext_type in _ext_type_to_class:
-            raise ValueError("Ext type {:d} already registered with class {:s}".format(ext_type, repr(_ext_type_to_class[ext_type])))
+            raise ValueError(f"Ext type {ext_type} already registered with class {_ext_type_to_class[ext_type]!r}")
         elif cls in _ext_class_to_type:
-            raise ValueError("Class {:s} already registered with Ext type {:d}".format(repr(cls), ext_type))
+            raise ValueError(f"Class {cls!r} already registered with Ext type {ext_type}")
 
         _ext_type_to_class[ext_type] = cls
         _ext_class_to_type[cls] = ext_type
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
         try:
             _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[obj.__class__], obj.packb()), fp, options)
         except AttributeError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(obj.__class__)))
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {obj.__class__!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
     elif isinstance(obj, bool):
         _pack_boolean(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, (int, long)):
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
             _pack_ext(ext_handlers[t](obj), fp, options)
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-                "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+                f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     elif _ext_class_to_type:
         # Linear search for superclass
         t = next((t for t in _ext_class_to_type if isinstance(obj, t)), None)
@@ -533,11 +533,11 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
             try:
                 _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[t], obj.packb()), fp, options)
             except AttributeError:
-                raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(t)))
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {t!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
         else:
-            raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+            raise UnsupportedTypeException(f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     else:
-        raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+        raise UnsupportedTypeException(f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
 
 
 # Pack for Python 3, with unicode 'str' type, 'bytes' type, and no 'long' type
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
         try:
             _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[obj.__class__], obj.packb()), fp, options)
         except AttributeError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(obj.__class__)))
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {obj.__class__!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
     elif isinstance(obj, bool):
         _pack_boolean(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, int):
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
             _pack_ext(ext_handlers[t](obj), fp, options)
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-                "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+                f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     elif _ext_class_to_type:
         # Linear search for superclass
         t = next((t for t in _ext_class_to_type if isinstance(obj, t)), None)
@@ -620,12 +620,12 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
             try:
                 _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[t], obj.packb()), fp, options)
             except AttributeError:
-                raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(t)))
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {t!r} is missing implementation of packb()")
         else:
-            raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+            raise UnsupportedTypeException(f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-            "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+            f"unsupported type: {type(obj)}")
 
 
 def _packb2(obj, **options):
@@ -737,21 +737,21 @@ def _unpack_integer(code, fp, options):
         return struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     elif code == b'\xcf':
         return struct.unpack(">Q", _read_except(fp, 8))[0]
-    raise Exception("logic error, not int: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not int: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_reserved(code, fp, options):
     if code == b'\xc1':
         raise ReservedCodeException(
-            "encountered reserved code: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+            f"encountered reserved code: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
     raise Exception(
-        "logic error, not reserved code: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        f"logic error, not reserved code: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_nil(code, fp, options):
     if code == b'\xc0':
         return None
-    raise Exception("logic error, not nil: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not nil: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_boolean(code, fp, options):
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ def _unpack_boolean(code, fp, options):
         return False
     elif code == b'\xc3':
         return True
-    raise Exception("logic error, not boolean: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not boolean: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_float(code, fp, options):
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ def _unpack_float(code, fp, options):
         return struct.unpack(">f", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     elif code == b'\xcb':
         return struct.unpack(">d", _read_except(fp, 8))[0]
-    raise Exception("logic error, not float: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+    raise Exception(f"logic error, not float: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
 
 def _unpack_string(code, fp, options):
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ def _unpack_string(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdb':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not string: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not string: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     # Always return raw bytes in compatibility mode
     global compatibility
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ def _unpack_binary(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xc6':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not binary: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not binary: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     return _read_except(fp, length)
 
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ def _unpack_ext(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xc9':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not ext: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not ext: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     ext_type = struct.unpack("b", _read_except(fp, 1))[0]
     ext_data = _read_except(fp, length)
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ def _unpack_ext(code, fp, options):
         try:
             return _ext_type_to_class[ext_type].unpackb(ext_data)
         except AttributeError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of unpackb()".format(repr(_ext_type_to_class[ext_type])))
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Ext serializable class {_ext_type_to_class[ext_type]!r} is missing implementation of unpackb()")
 
     # Timestamp extension
     if ext_type == -1:
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ def _unpack_ext_timestamp(ext_data, options):
         microseconds = struct.unpack(">I", ext_data[0:4])[0] // 1000
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTimestampException(
-            "unsupported timestamp with data length {:d}".format(len(ext_data)))
+            f"unsupported timestamp with data length {len(ext_data)}")
 
     return _epoch + datetime.timedelta(seconds=seconds,
                                        microseconds=microseconds)
@@ -882,10 +882,10 @@ def _unpack_array(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdd':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not array: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not array: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     if options.get('use_tuple'):
-        return tuple((_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length)))
+        return tuple(_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length))
 
     return [_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length)]
 
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdf':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not map: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+        raise Exception(f"logic error, not map: 0x{ord(code):02x}")
 
     d = {} if not options.get('use_ordered_dict') else collections.OrderedDict()
     for _ in xrange(length):
@@ -916,10 +916,10 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
             k = _deep_list_to_tuple(k)
         elif not isinstance(k, Hashable):
             raise UnhashableKeyException(
-                "encountered unhashable key: \"{:s}\" ({:s})".format(str(k), str(type(k))))
+                f"encountered unhashable key: \"{k}\" ({type(k)})")
         elif k in d:
             raise DuplicateKeyException(
-                "encountered duplicate key: \"{:s}\" ({:s})".format(str(k), str(type(k))))
+                f"encountered duplicate key: \"{k}\" ({type(k)})")
 
         # Unpack value
         v = _unpack(fp, options)
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
             d[k] = v
         except TypeError:
             raise UnhashableKeyException(
-                "encountered unhashable key: \"{:s}\"".format(str(k)))
+                f"encountered unhashable key: \"{k}\"")
     return d
 
 

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ project = 'Reticulum Network Stack'
 copyright = '2023, Mark Qvist'
 author = 'Mark Qvist'
 
-exec(open("../../RNS/_version.py", "r").read())
+exec(open("../../RNS/_version.py").read())
 version = __version__
 
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
 import RNS
-release = RNS._version.__version__+" beta"
+release = f"{RNS._version.__version__} beta"
 
 # -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
 extensions = [

setup.py

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ if '--pure' in sys.argv:
     sys.argv.remove('--pure')
     print("Building pure-python wheel")
 
-exec(open("RNS/_version.py", "r").read())
+exec(open("RNS/_version.py").read())
-with open("README.md", "r") as fh:
+with open("README.md") as fh:
     long_description = fh.read()
 
 if pure_python:
     pkg_name = "rnspure"
     requirements = []
-    long_description = long_description.replace("</p>", "</p>"+pure_notice)
+    long_description = long_description.replace("</p>", f"</p>{pure_notice}")
 else:
     pkg_name = "rns"
     requirements = ['cryptography>=3.4.7', 'pyserial>=3.5']

tests/channel.py

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class Packet:
 
     def set_delivered_callback(self, callback: Callable[[Packet], None]):
         self.delivered_callback = callback
-        
+
     def delivered(self):
         with self.lock:
             self.state = MessageState.MSGSTATE_DELIVERED
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class SystemMessage(MessageBase):
     MSGTYPE = 0xf000
 
     def pack(self) -> bytes:
-        return bytes()
+        return b''
 
     def unpack(self, raw):
         pass
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class ProtocolHarness(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
     def cleanup(self):
         self.channel._shutdown()
 
-    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: typing.Type[BaseException], __exc_value: BaseException,
+    def __exit__(self, __exc_type: type[BaseException], __exc_value: BaseException,
                  __traceback: types.TracebackType) -> bool:
         # self._log.debug(f"__exit__({__exc_type}, {__exc_value}, {__traceback})")
         self.cleanup()
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ class TestChannel(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(data), count)
 
         read_finished = False
-        result = bytes()
+        result = b''
 
         def read_thread():
             nonlocal read_finished, result

tests/hashes.py

@@ -11,22 +11,22 @@ class TestSHA256(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_empty(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f(''.encode("utf-8")),
+            self.f(b''),
             bytes.fromhex("e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"))
 
     def test_less_than_block_length(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f('abc'.encode("utf-8")),
+            self.f(b'abc'),
             bytes.fromhex("ba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad"))
 
     def test_block_length(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*64),
+            self.f(b'a'*64),
             bytes.fromhex("ffe054fe7ae0cb6dc65c3af9b61d5209f439851db43d0ba5997337df154668eb"))
 
     def test_several_blocks(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*1000000),
+            self.f(b'a'*1000000),
             bytes.fromhex("cdc76e5c9914fb9281a1c7e284d73e67f1809a48a497200e046d39ccc7112cd0"))
 
     def test_random_blocks(self):
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ class TestSHA256(unittest.TestCase):
             if (i%1000 == 0):
                 gbytes = round(b/1000000000,3)
                 mbps = round((b*8/1000000)/(time.time()-start), 2)
-                print(str(i)+" rounds OK, total data: "+str(gbytes)+"GB, "+str(mbps)+"mbps")
+                print(f"{i} rounds OK, total data: {gbytes}GB, {mbps}mbps")
 
         if not ok:
-            print("Failed at round "+str(i))
+            print(f"Failed at round {i}")
         else:
             print("SHA-256 test OK")
 
@@ -65,25 +65,25 @@ class TestSHA512(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_empty(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.f(''.encode("utf-8")),
+            self.f(b''),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce'+
                 '47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e'))
 
     def test_less_than_block_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.f('abc'.encode("utf-8")),
+        self.assertEqual(self.f(b'abc'),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'ddaf35a193617abacc417349ae20413112e6fa4e89a97ea20a9eeee64b55d39a'+
                 '2192992a274fc1a836ba3c23a3feebbd454d4423643ce80e2a9ac94fa54ca49f'))
 
     def test_block_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*128),
+        self.assertEqual(self.f(b'a'*128),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'b73d1929aa615934e61a871596b3f3b33359f42b8175602e89f7e06e5f658a24'+
                 '3667807ed300314b95cacdd579f3e33abdfbe351909519a846d465c59582f321'))
 
     def test_several_blocks(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.f('a'.encode("utf-8")*1000000),
+        self.assertEqual(self.f(b'a'*1000000),
             bytes.fromhex(
                 'e718483d0ce769644e2e42c7bc15b4638e1f98b13b2044285632a803afa973eb'+
                 'de0ff244877ea60a4cb0432ce577c31beb009c5c2c49aa2e4eadb217ad8cc09b'))
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ class TestSHA512(unittest.TestCase):
             if (i%1000 == 0):
                 gbytes = round(b/1000000000,3)
                 mbps = round((b*8/1000000)/(time.time()-start), 2)
-                print(str(i)+" rounds OK, total data: "+str(gbytes)+"GB, "+str(mbps)+"mbps")
+                print(f"{i} rounds OK, total data: {gbytes}GB, {mbps}mbps")
 
         if not ok:
-            print("Failed at round "+str(i))
+            print(f"Failed at round {i}")
         else:
             print("SHA-512 test OK")
 

tests/identity.py

@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         tmdev = tmax - tmin
         mpct = (tmax/tmed)*100
         print("Random messages:")
-        print("  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: "+str(round(tmin, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmean, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmed, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmax, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmdev, 3)))
+        print(f"  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: {round(tmin, 3)}/{round(tmean, 3)}/{round(tmed, 3)}/{round(tmax, 3)}/{round(tmdev, 3)}")
-        print("  Max deviation from median: "+str(round(mpct, 1))+"%")
+        print(f"  Max deviation from median: {round(mpct, 1)}%")
         print()
 
         id1 = RNS.Identity()
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         tmdev = tmax - tmin
         mpct = (tmax/tmed)*100
         print("All 0xff messages:")
-        print("  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: "+str(round(tmin, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmean, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmed, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmax, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmdev, 3)))
+        print(f"  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: {round(tmin, 3)}/{round(tmean, 3)}/{round(tmed, 3)}/{round(tmax, 3)}/{round(tmdev, 3)}")
-        print("  Max deviation from median: "+str(round(mpct, 1))+"%")
+        print(f"  Max deviation from median: {round(mpct, 1)}%")
         print()
 
         id1 = RNS.Identity()
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         tmdev = tmax - tmin
         mpct = (tmax/tmed)*100
         print("All 0x00 messages:")
-        print("  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: "+str(round(tmin, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmean, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmed, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmax, 3))+"/"+str(round(tmdev, 3)))
+        print(f"  Signature timing min/avg/med/max/mdev: {round(tmin, 3)}/{round(tmean, 3)}/{round(tmed, 3)}/{round(tmax, 3)}/{round(tmdev, 3)}")
-        print("  Max deviation from median: "+str(round(mpct, 1))+"%")
+        print(f"  Max deviation from median: {round(mpct, 1)}%")
         print()
 
         b = 0
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(True, id2.validate(signature, msg))
             t += time.time() - start
 
-        print("Sign/validate chunks < MTU: "+self.size_str(b/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Sign/validate chunks < MTU: {self.size_str(b / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         for i in range(1, 500):
             mlen = 16*1024
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(True, id2.validate(signature, msg))
             t += time.time() - start
 
-        print("Sign/validate 16KB chunks: "+self.size_str(b/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Sign/validate 16KB chunks: {self.size_str(b / t, 'b')}ps")
 
 
     def test_2_encrypt(self):
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(msg, decrypted)
             d_t += time.time() - d_start
 
-        print("Encrypt chunks < MTU: "+self.size_str(b/e_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Encrypt chunks < MTU: {self.size_str(b / e_t, 'b')}ps")
-        print("Decrypt chunks < MTU: "+self.size_str(b/d_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Decrypt chunks < MTU: {self.size_str(b / d_t, 'b')}ps")
         print("")
 
         # Test encrypt and decrypt of large chunks
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             lb = 1
         else:
             lb = 8
-        
+
         for i in range(1, lb):
             msg = os.urandom(mlen)
             b += mlen
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(msg, id1.decrypt(token))
             d_t += time.time() - d_start
 
-        print("Encrypt "+self.size_str(mlen)+" chunks: "+self.size_str(b/e_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Encrypt {self.size_str(mlen)} chunks: {self.size_str(b / e_t, 'b')}ps")
-        print("Decrypt "+self.size_str(mlen)+" chunks: "+self.size_str(b/d_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Decrypt {self.size_str(mlen)} chunks: {self.size_str(b / d_t, 'b')}ps")
 
     def size_str(self, num, suffix='B'):
         units = ['','K','M','G','T','P','E','Z']
@@ -218,12 +218,12 @@ class TestIdentity(unittest.TestCase):
         for unit in units:
             if abs(num) < 1000.0:
                 if unit == "":
-                    return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
                 else:
-                    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
             num /= 1000.0
 
-        return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+        return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main(verbosity=2)

tests/link.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ BUFFER_TEST_TARGET = 32000
 
 def targets_job(caller):
     cmd = "python -c \"from tests.link import targets; targets()\""
-    print("Opening subprocess for "+str(cmd)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+    print(f"Opening subprocess for {cmd}...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
     ppath = os.getcwd()
 
     try:
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         dest = RNS.Destination(id1, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "link", "establish")
 
         self.assertEqual(dest.hash, bytes.fromhex("fb48da0e82e6e01ba0c014513f74540d"))
-        
+
         l1 = RNS.Link(dest)
         time.sleep(0.5)
         self.assertEqual(l1.status, RNS.Link.ACTIVE)
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         dest = RNS.Destination(id1, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "link", "establish")
 
         self.assertEqual(dest.hash, bytes.fromhex("fb48da0e82e6e01ba0c014513f74540d"))
-        
+
         l1 = RNS.Link(dest)
         time.sleep(0.5)
         self.assertEqual(l1.status, RNS.Link.ACTIVE)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         packet_size = RNS.Link.MDU
         pstart = time.time()
-        print("Sending "+str(num_packets)+" link packets of "+str(packet_size)+" bytes...")
+        print(f"Sending {num_packets} link packets of {packet_size} bytes...")
         for i in range(0, num_packets):
             time.sleep(0.003)
             b += packet_size
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
             receipts.append(p.send())
             pr_t += time.time() - start
 
-        print("Sent "+self.size_str(b)+", "+self.size_str(b/pr_t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Sent {self.size_str(b)}, {self.size_str(b / pr_t, 'b')}ps")
         print("Checking receipts...", end=" ")
 
         all_ok = False
@@ -175,11 +175,11 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         if n_failed > 0:
             ns = "s" if n_failed != 1 else ""
-            print("Failed to receive proof for "+str(n_failed)+" packet"+ns)
+            print(f"Failed to receive proof for {n_failed} packet{ns}")
-            
+
         self.assertEqual(all_ok, True)
         print("OK!")
-        print("Single packet and proof round-trip throughput is "+self.size_str(b/pduration, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Single packet and proof round-trip throughput is {self.size_str(b / pduration, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         dest = RNS.Destination(id1, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "link", "establish")
 
         self.assertEqual(dest.hash, bytes.fromhex("fb48da0e82e6e01ba0c014513f74540d"))
-        
+
         l1 = RNS.Link(dest)
         time.sleep(0.5)
         self.assertEqual(l1.status, RNS.Link.ACTIVE)
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 128
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         dest = RNS.Destination(id1, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "link", "establish")
 
         self.assertEqual(dest.hash, bytes.fromhex("fb48da0e82e6e01ba0c014513f74540d"))
-        
+
         l1 = RNS.Link(dest)
         time.sleep(0.5)
         self.assertEqual(l1.status, RNS.Link.ACTIVE)
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 256*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         dest = RNS.Destination(id1, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "link", "establish")
         self.assertEqual(dest.hash, bytes.fromhex("fb48da0e82e6e01ba0c014513f74540d"))
-        
+
         l1 = RNS.Link(dest)
         time.sleep(0.5)
         self.assertEqual(l1.status, RNS.Link.ACTIVE)
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 1000*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         if RNS.Cryptography.backend() == "internal":
             print("Skipping medium resource test...")
             return
-        
+
         init_rns(self)
         print("")
         print("Medium resource test")
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         dest = RNS.Destination(id1, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "link", "establish")
         self.assertEqual(dest.hash, bytes.fromhex("fb48da0e82e6e01ba0c014513f74540d"))
-        
+
         l1 = RNS.Link(dest)
         time.sleep(0.5)
         self.assertEqual(l1.status, RNS.Link.ACTIVE)
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 5*1000*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(resource.status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         dest = RNS.Destination(id1, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "link", "establish")
         self.assertEqual(dest.hash, bytes.fromhex("fb48da0e82e6e01ba0c014513f74540d"))
-        
+
         l1 = RNS.Link(dest)
         time.sleep(0.5)
         self.assertEqual(l1.status, RNS.Link.ACTIVE)
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         resource_timeout = 120
         resource_size = 50*1000*1000
         data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-        print("Sending "+self.size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+        print(f"Sending {self.size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
         resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout, callback=self.lr_callback)
         start = time.time()
 
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
 
         t = time.time() - start
         self.assertEqual(TestLink.large_resource_status, RNS.Resource.COMPLETE)
-        print("Resource completed at "+self.size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Resource completed at {self.size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
         l1.teardown()
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         channel = l1.get_channel()
         buffer = RNS.Buffer.create_bidirectional_buffer(0, 0, channel, handle_data)
 
-        buffer.write("Hi there".encode("utf-8"))
+        buffer.write(b"Hi there")
         buffer.flush()
 
         time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
             if local_bitrate is not None:
                 local_interface.bitrate = local_bitrate
                 local_interface._force_bitrate = True
-                print("Forcing local bitrate of " + str(local_bitrate) + " bps (" + str(round(local_bitrate/8, 0)) + " B/s)")
+                print(f"Forcing local bitrate of {local_bitrate} bps ({round(local_bitrate / 8, 0)} B/s)")
 
             # TODO: Load this from public bytes only
             id1 = RNS.Identity.from_bytes(bytes.fromhex(fixed_keys[0][0]))
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
             # delay a reasonable time for link to come up at current bitrate
             link_sleep = max(RNS.Link.MDU * 3 / local_interface.bitrate * 8, 2)
             timeout_at = time.time() + link_sleep
-            print("Waiting " + str(round(link_sleep, 1)) + " sec for link to come up")
+            print(f"Waiting {round(link_sleep, 1)} sec for link to come up")
             while l1.status != RNS.Link.ACTIVE and time.time() < timeout_at:
                 time.sleep(0.01)
 
@@ -553,26 +553,26 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
                 target_bytes = 3000
             else:
                 target_bytes = BUFFER_TEST_TARGET
-            
+
             random.seed(154889)
             message = random.randbytes(target_bytes)
             buffer_read_target = len(message)
-            
+
             # the return message will have an appendage string " back at you"
             # for every StreamDataMessage that arrives. To verify, we need
             # to insert that string every MAX_DATA_LEN and also at the end.
             expected_rx_message = b""
             for i in range(0, len(message)):
                 if i > 0 and (i % StreamDataMessage.MAX_DATA_LEN) == 0:
-                    expected_rx_message += " back at you".encode("utf-8")
+                    expected_rx_message += b" back at you"
                 expected_rx_message += bytes([message[i]])
-            expected_rx_message += " back at you".encode("utf-8")
+            expected_rx_message += b" back at you"
 
             # since the segments will be received at max length for a
             # StreamDataMessage, the appended text will end up in a
             # separate packet.
-            print("Sending " + str(len(message)) + " bytes, receiving " + str(len(expected_rx_message)) + " bytes, ")
+            print(f"Sending {len(message)} bytes, receiving {len(expected_rx_message)} bytes, ")
-            
+
             buffer.write(message)
             buffer.flush()
 
@@ -621,12 +621,12 @@ class TestLink(unittest.TestCase):
         for unit in units:
             if abs(num) < 1000.0:
                 if unit == "":
-                    return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
                 else:
-                    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                    return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
             num /= 1000.0
 
-        return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+        return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main(verbosity=1)
@@ -650,16 +650,16 @@ def targets(yp=False):
                 threads = yappi.get_thread_stats()
                 for thread in threads:
                     print(
-                        "Function stats for (%s) (%d)" % (thread.name, thread.id)
+                        f"Function stats for ({thread.name}) ({int(thread.id)})"
                     )  # it is the Thread.__class__.__name__
-                    yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save("receiver_thread_"+str(thread.id)+".data", type="pstat")
+                    yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save(f"receiver_thread_{thread.id}.data", type="pstat")
             except Exception as e:
-                print("Error: "+str(e))
+                print(f"Error: {e}")
 
 
         if hasattr(resource.link.attached_interface, "rxptime"):
             rx_pr = (resource.link.attached_interface.rxb*8)/resource.link.attached_interface.rxptime
-            print("Average RX proccessing rate: "+size_str(rx_pr, "b")+"ps")
+            print(f"Average RX proccessing rate: {size_str(rx_pr, 'b')}ps")
 
     def link_established(link):
         print("Link established")
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ def targets(yp=False):
 
         def handle_message(message):
             if isinstance(message, MessageTest):
-                message.data = message.data + " back"
+                message.data = f"{message.data} back"
                 channel.send(message)
 
         channel.register_message_type(MessageTest)
@@ -685,17 +685,17 @@ def targets(yp=False):
             buffer_read_len += len(data)
             response_data.append(data)
 
-            if data == "Hi there".encode("utf-8"):
+            if data == b"Hi there":
                 RNS.log("Sending response")
                 for data in response_data:
-                    buffer.write(data + " back at you".encode("utf-8"))
+                    buffer.write(data + b" back at you")
                     buffer.flush()
                     buffer_read_len = 0
 
             if buffer_read_len == BUFFER_TEST_TARGET:
                 RNS.log("Sending response")
                 for data in response_data:
-                    buffer.write(data + " back at you".encode("utf-8"))
+                    buffer.write(data + b" back at you")
                     buffer.flush()
                     buffer_read_len = 0
 
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ def profile_resource():
     resource_profiling()
 
 def profile_targets():
-    
+
     targets_profiling(yp=True)
     # cProfile.runctx("entry()", {"entry": targets_profiling, "size_str": size_str}, {}, "profile-targets.data")
     # p = pstats.Stats("profile-targets.data")
@@ -745,11 +745,11 @@ def resource_profiling():
     resource_timeout = 120
     resource_size = 5*1000*1000
     data = os.urandom(resource_size)
-    print("Sending "+size_str(resource_size)+" resource...")
+    print(f"Sending {size_str(resource_size)} resource...")
 
     import yappi
     yappi.start()
-    
+
     resource = RNS.Resource(data, l1, timeout=resource_timeout)
     start = time.time()
 
@@ -759,22 +759,22 @@ def resource_profiling():
         time.sleep(0.01)
 
     t = time.time() - start
-    print("Resource completed at "+size_str(resource_size/t, "b")+"ps")
+    print(f"Resource completed at {size_str(resource_size / t, 'b')}ps")
 
     yappi.get_func_stats().save("sender_main_calls.data", type="pstat")
     threads = yappi.get_thread_stats()
     for thread in threads:
         print(
-            "Function stats for (%s) (%d)" % (thread.name, thread.id)
+            f"Function stats for ({thread.name}) ({int(thread.id)})"
         )  # it is the Thread.__class__.__name__
-        yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save("sender_thread_"+str(thread.id)+".data", type="pstat")
+        yappi.get_func_stats(ctx_id=thread.id).save(f"sender_thread_{thread.id}.data", type="pstat")
 
     # t_pstats = yappi.convert2pstats(tstats)
     # t_pstats.save("resource_tstat.data", type="pstat")
 
     if hasattr(resource.link.attached_interface, "rxptime"):
         rx_pr = (resource.link.attached_interface.rxb*8)/resource.link.attached_interface.rxptime
-        print("Average RX proccessing rate: "+size_str(rx_pr, "b")+"ps")
+        print(f"Average RX proccessing rate: {size_str(rx_pr, 'b')}ps")
 
     l1.teardown()
     time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -791,9 +791,9 @@ def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
     for unit in units:
         if abs(num) < 1000.0:
             if unit == "":
-                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.0f} {unit}{suffix}"
             else:
-                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+                return f"{num:.2f} {unit}{suffix}"
         num /= 1000.0
 
-    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+    return f"{num:.2f}{last_unit}{suffix}"